I'm saying the same meaning in different ways. What changes?
What's the difference between "cat" and "cats"? What do "I," "it," "me," "my" mean? What's the 's for?
🎙 Speak: Do you have pets or things at home? Tell me one thing you have using a number (one, two, three, etc.)
In English, you can't keep repeating the same word over and over. We say "John is a teacher. He is friendly." Not "John is a teacher. John is friendly." We also say one thing or many things differently: cat vs cats. And we show who owns things: "John's book," "The teacher's pen."
🎙 Speak: Tell me about something you own. Say: "This is my [thing]. It is [describe it]."
To make a noun plural (many), just add S to the end.
| Singular (One) | Plural (Many) |
|---|---|
| cat | cats |
| dog | dogs |
| book | books |
| table | tables |
| apple | apples |
| friend | friends |
Tip: If a noun ends in S, X, Z, CH, or SH, add ES. Example: box → boxes. Class → classes. Watch → watches.
Listen and repeat:
"I have one pen. I have two pens."
"She has one book. She has three books."
"I like one apple. I like five apples."
"He has one friend. He has many friends."
🎙 Speak: Say these. Feel the difference between one and many.
Tell me two sentences about two different things you have or know:
🎙 Speak: Tell me now. Use singular and plural.
Instead of saying "John" again and again, we say "he." Instead of "Sarah and I," we say "we." This is a pronoun — it replaces the noun.
| Person/Thing | Pronoun | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Me (the speaker) | I | I am a teacher. |
| You (one person) | YOU | You are friendly. |
| One man (John, Tom, etc.) | HE | He is tall. |
| One woman (Sarah, Emma, etc.) | SHE | She is creative. |
| One thing (cat, book, etc.) | IT | It is red. |
| Me + others | WE | We are friends. |
| Many people/things | THEY | They are happy. |
I'll say a sentence with a noun. You replace it with a pronoun:
"John is a teacher." → Replace "John" with...
"He is a teacher." (John = he)
"Sarah and I are friends." → Replace "Sarah and I" with...
"We are friends." (Sarah and I = we)
"The cat and the dog are outside." → Replace with...
"They are outside." (The cat and dog = they)
Say one sentence for each. About yourself, your friend, and your family:
🎙 Speak: Tell me about (1) you, (2) someone you know, (3) people you know. Use I, you, he/she, they.
Object pronouns: They come AFTER the verb. Someone does something TO them.
| Subject Pronoun | Object Pronoun | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I | ME | Help me. Tell me. |
| You | YOU | I see you. I like you. |
| He | HIM | Help him. I see him. |
| She | HER | Tell her. I like her. |
| It | IT | I like it. I have it. |
| We | US | Help us. I like us. |
| They | THEM | Help them. I see them. |
Examples:
✓ "I like her." (I = subject, her = object, she is the one being liked)
✓ "Can you help me?" (You = subject, me = object, I need help)
✓ "They told us about it." (They = subject, us = object, it = object)
1. "I see at the shop." (him / he)
"I see him." (him = object, someone is doing the seeing TO him)
2. " likes pizza. Give a slice." (she / her)
"She likes pizza. Give her a slice." (she = subject, her = object)
3. "My friends and I are here. Can you help ?" (us / we)
"Can you help us?" (us = object, you is doing the helping TO us)
Tell me three sentences. One for each person or group:
🎙 Speak: Tell me your three sentences. Use me, you, him, her, us, them.
To show that something belongs to someone, add 's (apostrophe + s) after the person's name or noun.
Examples:
John's book (the book belongs to John)
Sarah's phone (the phone belongs to Sarah)
The cat's name (the name belongs to the cat)
The teacher's office (the office belongs to the teacher)
Two People Own One Thing? Add 's only to the last person: "Sarah and John's house" (one house, both own it)
Plural Nouns That Already End in S? Just add apostrophe: "The teachers' office" (office belongs to many teachers). But: "The children's books" (children don't end in s, so add 's).
1. This is John. book is on the table.
"John's book is on the table." (The book belongs to John)
2. The teacher is here. We need help.
"We need the teacher's help." (The help belongs to the teacher)
3. The cat is sleeping. bed is very soft.
"The cat's bed is very soft." (The bed belongs to the cat)
Tell me about three people or things and what they own or belong to:
🎙 Speak: Tell me about something that belongs to you, your friend, your family, or a pet. Use possessive 's.
Choose one topic. Speak about it for about one minute using singular/plural, pronouns, and possessive 's.
Pick one card. Speak for about one minute. Aim to use:
🎙 Speak: Start now. Describe what you've chosen. Don't overthink it.
...use singular and plural nouns, replace them with pronouns (subject and object), and show who owns things using 's.
1. How do you make a noun plural?
Add S to the end (cats, dogs, books). If it ends in S, X, Z, CH, SH, add ES (boxes, watches).
2. When do you use object pronouns like "me," "him," "her"?
When someone does something TO them. Example: "Help me." "I see her." "Can you call them?"
3. How do you show that something belongs to John?
Add 's: "John's book," "John's house," "John's pen."
4. What's the difference between "He likes them" and "He likes her"?
"Them" = many people or things (plural). "Her" = one woman (singular).
Which activity made these grammar rules clearer?
🎙 Speak: Pick one. Tell me why that activity helped you.
🎙 Speak: Tell me about something in your life right now. Use singular or plural. Use a pronoun (I, you, they, etc.). Use 's if you can.