SHORT STORIES, LONG SHADOWS · B2/C1 · 50 min

In a Grove

Ryūnosuke Akutagawa (1922) — one dead man in a bamboo grove, seven witnesses, and three people who each swear they killed him.

Today: you'll weigh seven statements about one killing that cannot all be true, and use reported speech and reporting verbs — claimed, admitted, insisted, denied, swore — to say who said what, and how much to believe it.
Before we read:
  • Two friends describe the same argument to you. The stories don't match. How do you decide who is telling the truth?
  • Would you ever confess to something you didn't do? Why might someone?
  • Is there such a thing as 'what really happened', or only versions of it?

Key words — think first, then check

Before we read, let's unlock the words you'll need. Think first — the Reveal only confirms.

A. Work it out from the sentence

Read each sentence aloud and say what the bold word means from the rest of the sentence. Then reveal.

1. The court heard the testimony of four witnesses, one after another, each describing what they had seen on the mountain road.
testimony (n) — a formal statement of what you know or saw, given as evidence. (v: to testify)
2. The woodcutter found the corpse lying on its back among the bamboo; the blood had already dried.
a corpse (n) — a dead body.
3. Tajōmaru was a notorious bandit who robbed travellers on the roads around the capital and, they said, had killed before.
a bandit (n) — a robber, especially one who attacks travellers in wild country.
4. There was no anger in her husband's eyes, and no sorrow — only a cold light of contempt, as if she were something beneath him.
contempt (n) — the feeling that a person is worthless or beneath consideration. (v: to despise)

B. From the meaning to the word

Which word fits the definition? The first letter is given. Say the word, then reveal.

5. An official who hears cases and decides them — in this story, the police commissioner who questions each witness. It begins with m.
a magistrate (n) — an official with the power to hear cases and give judgements.
6. A strong desire for more — money, treasure, possessions — than you need. The bandit uses it as bait. It begins with g.
greed (n) — excessive desire for wealth or possessions. (adj: greedy)
7. The final decision of a court about whether someone is guilty. It begins with v.
a verdict (n) — the decision of a judge or jury; more generally, a considered judgement.

C. Choose the meaning

One sentence, three options. Say a, b or c — then reveal.

8. The last account comes from the dead man himself, speaking through a medium. A medium here is: (a) a newspaper (b) a person who claims to let the dead speak through them (c) a doctor
(b) — a medium (n) — a person who claims to communicate with the spirits of the dead.
9. The three accounts contradict each other on the one point that matters: who held the blade. To contradict is: (a) to agree with (b) to repeat (c) to say the opposite of
(c) — to contradict (v) — to say the opposite; to be inconsistent with. (n: contradiction)
10. The bandit's confession is boastful; the wife's is full of shame. A confession is: (a) an admission of guilt (b) a denial (c) a question
(a) — a confession (n) — a statement admitting that you have done something wrong. (v: to confess)

Now use them — out loud

Talk it through before we read:
  • Sort the ten words into the court, the crime and the people. Say why.
  • Using testimony, contradict and verdict, predict what kind of story this is — and whether it will end with an answer.

The story, in three parts

Akutagawa's story, translated and shortened here from the Japanese. There is no narrator: only seven voices, each answering questions we never hear. Read each part; after it, try the quick check from memory, then talk about the question.

Part 1 — Four witnesses before the commissioner

The woodcutter. Yes, sir. It was I who found the body. I went up this morning, as I always do, to cut cedar on the hill behind the village, and there it was, in a grove in the shadow of the mountain. Where exactly? Four or five hundred yards from the Yamashina post road — bamboo, with a few thin cedars among it, a place nobody goes. The man lay on his back in a pale blue robe, with the soft black cap of the capital still on his head. A single wound, but it was in the chest, and the fallen bamboo leaves around him were stained dark red. No, the blood had stopped flowing; the wound looked dry. A horsefly was feeding on it, so bold it did not hear me coming. A sword? Nothing. Only a rope, dropped at the foot of a cedar — and, yes, a comb. Those two things and nothing else. But the grass and the leaves were trampled everywhere, so the man must have put up a hard fight before he died. A horse? No horse could get in there; the grove is a whole thicket away from the road.

The travelling priest. I met the dead man yesterday — around noon, I think, on the road from Sekiyama to Yamashina. He was walking towards Sekiyama beside a woman on horseback. Her face I could not see: she wore a veil. I saw only the colour of her robe, lilac over crimson. The horse was a sorrel with a clipped mane. Its height? Perhaps four hands over the standard — but I am a monk; I know little of horses. The man carried a sword, and a bow and arrows too — I remember clearly a black-lacquered quiver with more than twenty arrows in it. I never dreamed he would come to this. Truly a man's life is as the dew, as the lightning. What a pitiful thing.

The police officer. The man I arrested? He is Tajōmaru, sir — the famous bandit, no doubt of it. When I took him he had fallen from a horse and was groaning on the stone bridge at Awataguchi; it was about the first watch last night. He wore the same dark blue robe as the last time he slipped through my hands, and carried the same sword. This time he also had a bow and arrows. Yes — the same as the dead man carried? Then it was Tajōmaru who killed him, no question. A leather-bound bow, a black-lacquered quiver, seventeen hawk-feathered arrows — all the dead man's. And the horse, as you say: a sorrel with a clipped mane. It threw him — that is fate for you. It was grazing by the roadside beyond the bridge, trailing its long rein. Of all the bandits who prowl the capital, this one is the one who goes after women. Last autumn a pilgrim and her serving-girl were found murdered on the hill behind the Toribe temple; people said that was his work. If he killed this man, what has become of the woman on the sorrel horse? Forgive my presumption, sir — but I beg you to look into that as well.

The old woman. Yes, that body is my daughter's husband. Not a man of the capital — a samurai in the service of the provincial office at Wakasa. Kanazawa no Takehiro, twenty-six years old. A gentle nature; no one could have borne him a grudge. My daughter? Her name is Masago; she is nineteen. A spirited girl, as bold as any man, but she has never known any man but Takehiro. A small oval face, rather dark, with a mole at the corner of the left eye. They set out for Wakasa yesterday, the two of them, and now this. What karma brought it? I can give up my son-in-law — but my daughter: what has become of her? I beg you, sir, this is an old woman's one prayer: search every blade of grass for her. And the one I hate is that bandit, that Tajōmaru or whatever he calls himself. Not only my son-in-law — my daughter too — (here she broke down in tears and could say no more).

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. What did the woodcutter find beside the body, and what did he notice was missing?

2. What do the priest, the policeman and the old woman each add?

1. A rope at the foot of a cedar and a comb — nothing else. No sword, and the ground trampled as if there had been a hard fight; no horse could reach the spot.

2. The priest saw the man alive at noon with a veiled woman on a sorrel horse, armed with sword, bow and twenty-odd arrows. The policeman caught the bandit Tajōmaru with that bow, quiver and horse. The old woman names the dead man (Takehiro, a samurai of Wakasa) and his missing wife Masago, nineteen, bold, with a mole by her left eye.

Discuss:
  • Four witnesses, and already the details wobble: twenty arrows or seventeen? Before the confessions even begin, what does Akutagawa want you to notice about how people remember?

Part 2 — The confession of Tajōmaru

I killed the man. But I did not kill the woman. Where did she go? I don't know. Wait — torture me all you like, I cannot tell you what I don't know. And now that it has come to this, I have no intention of hiding anything like a coward.

I met the two of them yesterday a little after noon. A gust of wind lifted the woman's veil for an instant — an instant, and it fell again — and perhaps that was why her face looked to me like the face of a bodhisattva. In that moment I made up my mind to take the woman, even if I had to kill the man.

Killing a man is not the great matter you people think. If you take a woman, the man dies anyway. Only I use the sword at my belt, and you use no sword — you kill with power, you kill with money, sometimes you kill with a kind word. No blood flows, the man is splendidly alive — and yet you have killed him. Weigh the sin, and I am not sure which of us is the worse. (A sarcastic smile.)

Still, I would have preferred to take the woman without killing him, and on the post road that was impossible. So I had to get them into the hills. That was easy. I fell in with them and told them there was an old burial mound on the far mountain; I had dug it open and found mirrors and swords, and buried them in a grove where nobody would find them; if they wanted, I would sell the lot cheap. Greed is a terrible thing, is it not? Within half an hour the man was turning his wife's horse up the mountain path.

At the grove I said the treasure was buried inside — come and see. The man was thirsty for it; he did not hesitate. The woman said she would wait on her horse; the thicket was so dense that you could hardly blame her. It suited me perfectly. I led the man in through the bamboo to a clearing of thin cedars, told him the treasure lay under the trees — and the moment we reached it I threw him down. He was strong enough, with a sword at his side, but a man taken by surprise is helpless, and in a moment I had him tied to the root of a cedar. Rope? A thief never knows when he will need to climb a wall; I carry it at my belt. I stuffed his mouth with bamboo leaves to keep him quiet, and that was that.

Then I went back to the woman and told her that her husband had been taken ill, and she should come. She came, leading her by the hand, into the grove — and the instant she saw him tied to the tree she had a dagger out of her sleeve. I have never seen a woman so fierce. Had I been careless for a moment she would have run me through. As it was, dodging her, I might have been cut badly. But I am Tajōmaru; I knocked the blade out of her hand without even drawing my sword. Fierce or not, a woman without a weapon can do nothing. So I had what I wanted — without taking the man's life.

Without taking his life — yes. I had no intention of killing him even then. But as I turned to leave the grove, with the woman sobbing on the ground behind me, she seized my arm like a madwoman and cried out, in broken words, that one of us must die — I or her husband; that to be shamed before two men was worse than death; that she would go with whichever of us was left alive. At that moment I wanted to kill him. (A dark excitement.)

You think me crueller than yourselves. That is because you did not see her face — the burning look in her eyes at that instant. When our eyes met I wanted her for my wife, if the thunder struck me dead for it. Not lust, as you imagine; if it had been only lust I would have kicked her aside and run. And he would never have bloodied my sword. But in that dim grove, looking at her face, I knew I would not leave until I had killed the man.

Even so, I would not kill him like a coward. I untied him and told him to fight. (The rope by the cedar is the one I forgot to take away.) He went white, drew his heavy sword and flew at me without a word. How it ended I need not tell you. At the twenty-third stroke my blade went through his chest. The twenty-third — remember that. To this day it is the one thing I am proud of: no man in the empire but he ever crossed swords with me twenty times. (A cheerful smile.)

When he fell I lowered my bloody sword and turned to the woman — and she was gone. I searched among the cedars; there was no trace on the fallen leaves. I listened; there was only the sound of the man dying in his throat. Perhaps she had slipped out to fetch help the moment we began to fight. Then it was my life at stake. I took his sword and bow and went back to the road, where her horse was quietly cropping grass. The rest is not worth telling — except that before I entered the capital I had already got rid of the sword. That is my confession. I expect to hang from a tree in any case; give me the severest punishment you have. (A defiant bearing.)

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. How does Tajōmaru get the couple off the road, and how does he say he took the wife?

2. According to Tajōmaru, why did he end up killing the husband, and how?

1. With a story about buried treasure — 'greed is a terrible thing'. He ties the husband to a cedar, tells the wife he has been taken ill, disarms her dagger, and takes her.

2. The wife begged that one of the two men die, saying she would go with the survivor; he untied the husband and fought him fairly, killing him at the twenty-third stroke — the thing he is proudest of. Then the woman had vanished.

Discuss:
  • The bandit says you kill with power, money and kind words, and he only uses a sword. Is that just a criminal's excuse — or is he right about something?

Part 3 — The woman at Kiyomizu, and the dead man's ghost

The confession of a woman who came to the Kiyomizu temple. When the man in the dark blue robe had done what he did to me, he looked at my bound husband and laughed. How my husband must have suffered! But the more he struggled, the deeper the ropes bit. I ran to him — tried to run; the man kicked me down. And in that instant I saw in my husband's eyes a light I cannot describe. I shudder to remember it now. He could not speak a word, but in that one look he told me everything in his heart — and what flashed there was not anger, and not grief. It was a cold light of contempt. That look struck me harder than the kick. I cried out something, and fainted.

When I came to myself, the man was gone. Only my husband remained, tied to the cedar. I raised myself from the leaves and looked at his face, and his eyes had not changed: cold contempt, and under it, hatred. Shame, grief, rage — I cannot say what was in me. I stood up and went to him and said: 'After this I cannot stay with you. I mean to die. But — you must die too. You have seen my shame. I cannot leave you alive behind me.' He only went on staring at me with loathing. I looked for his sword; the bandit had taken it, and the bow as well. But my dagger lay at my feet. I lifted it and said: 'Then give me your life. I will follow you at once.' His lips moved. His mouth was full of bamboo leaves and no sound came, but I understood him. Still despising me, he said one word: 'Kill.' Half in a dream, I drove the dagger through the breast of his pale blue robe.

I must have fainted again. When I looked around, he was dead, still bound; a single ray of the evening sun fell across his white face through the cedars. Swallowing my sobs, I cut the rope from the body. And then — what became of me? I have no strength left to tell it. I could not manage to die. I put the dagger to my throat; I threw myself into a pond at the foot of the mountain; nothing succeeded — and here I am, alive, which is nothing to boast of. (A lonely smile.) Perhaps even the merciful Kannon has given up a creature as feeble as I am. But I, who killed my husband, who was shamed by a bandit — what am I to do? What am I — what — (a sudden violent sobbing).

The story of the dead man, told through a medium. When the bandit had done with my wife, he sat down beside her and began to comfort her. I could not speak, of course; I was bound to the tree. But I signalled to her with my eyes, again and again: do not believe a word he says; whatever he says is a lie. And she sat on the fallen leaves with her head down, staring at her knees — and did she not seem to be listening to him? I writhed with jealousy. And the bandit went on, cleverly: once her body had been dishonoured, things could never be right with her husband; would she not rather be his wife than stay with such a man? It was because he loved her that he had gone so far. He dared to say that.

At those words my wife lifted her face as if in a trance. I had never seen her so beautiful. And what did that beautiful wife answer, with her husband bound before her? Wandering in the dark between lives, I have never once recalled her answer without burning. She said: 'Then take me wherever you like.' (A long silence.)

And that is not the whole of her crime. If it were, I would not suffer as I do in this darkness. As she went out of the grove, her hand in the bandit's, she suddenly turned white, pointed at me tied to the cedar, and cried: 'Kill him! While he lives I cannot go with you!' She screamed it again and again, like a madwoman. 'Kill him!' — the words are a storm that still hurls me headlong into the dark. Has anything so hateful ever come from a human mouth? (A sudden burst of scornful laughter.) Even the bandit turned pale. She clung to his arm, still screaming. He looked at her a long moment — and then, without a word of answer, kicked her down onto the leaves. (Again the laughter.) He folded his arms and turned to me. 'What shall I do with her?' he said. 'Kill her, or let her go? Just nod. Kill her?' For those words alone I could forgive the bandit everything. (Again, a long silence.)

While I hesitated, my wife gave one cry and ran into the depths of the grove. The bandit sprang after her but could not so much as catch her sleeve. I watched it all as if it were a vision. When she had gone, he picked up my sword and my bow and arrows and cut one of my ropes. 'Now it's my own neck I have to think of,' I remember him muttering as he vanished. After that, all was still. No — someone was weeping. I listened as I worked myself free of the ropes — and the weeping was my own.

At last I raised my exhausted body from the foot of the tree. In front of me lay the dagger my wife had dropped, shining. I took it and drove it into my chest. Something warm and bitter rose into my mouth, but there was no pain. Only my chest went cold, and the world grew quieter still. Not a single bird came to sing over that grove in the mountain's shadow; only a lonely light lay on the tops of the cedars and the bamboo — and even that was fading. Then someone came softly to my side. I tried to see who. Dusk had gathered around me. A hand I could not see drew the dagger gently from my chest, and my mouth filled with blood once more, and I sank for ever into the darkness between lives.

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. According to the wife, why did she kill her husband, and what was in his eyes?

2. According to the dead man, who killed him — and what small detail does he add at the very end?

1. After the assault she saw only cold contempt and hatred in his eyes. She could not live with that; she told him they must both die, and when he mouthed 'Kill', she stabbed him with her dagger — then failed to kill herself.

2. He killed himself with his wife's dropped dagger after she had asked the bandit to kill him and then fled, and after the bandit had cut him loose. As he died, someone unseen came and drew the dagger out of his chest.

Discuss:
  • Three people swear they held the blade. Who benefits from each confession? And who, in the whole story, would have wanted that dagger?

The grammar this story runs on: reporting what people said

This story is nothing but testimony. To talk about it — to argue about it — you have to report what each person said, and your choice of verb already tells the listener how much you believe: she said, she claimed, she admitted, she insisted.

1. Backshift: the tenses step back.
"I killed him." → He said he had killed him. · "I don't know." → He said he didn't know. · "She will come." → He said she would come.
Pronouns and time words shift too: yesterday → the day before, here → there, this → that.
2. Reporting verbs carry a judgement — and each has its own grammar.
• say / tell sb / explain / add + (that) clause — neutral.
• claim / maintain / insist / swear + (that) clause — the speaker is asserting something you may doubt.
• admit / confess (to) / deny + -ing or + (that) clause: "He admitted killing him." "She denied having seen the sword."
• accuse sb of + -ing · blame sb for + -ing · beg / urge sb to + infinitive.
3. Reporting questions.
Yes/no: "Was there a sword?" → He asked whether there had been a sword. (no do, no question order)
Wh-: "Where did she go?" → They asked where she had gone.

1. Choose the reporting verb

One each, from: denied · admitted · insisted · accused · begged. The grammar after the gap tells you which fits.

1. Tajōmaru killing the husband, but not the wife.

2. The old woman the commissioner to search every blade of grass for her daughter.

3. The wife that her husband had told her, with his eyes, to kill him.

4. The dead man his wife of asking the bandit to kill him.

5. The bandit having harmed the woman — he said she simply vanished.

1. admitted

2. begged

3. insisted

4. accused

5. denied

2. Report the testimony

Turn each statement into reported speech, with backshift. Say it, then reveal.

1. The woodcutter: "I found the body this morning." → The woodcutter said that .

2. The priest: "I don't know much about horses." → The priest admitted that .

3. The policeman: "The horse threw him." → The policeman claimed that .

4. The bandit: "I will hang anyway." → The bandit said that .

5. The commissioner: "Where did the woman go?" → The commissioner asked .

1. he had found the body that morning

2. he didn't (did not) know much about horses

3. the horse had thrown him

4. he would hang anyway

5. where the woman had gone

3. Put it together — the case in one paragraph

Fill each gap with the verb in the right form. Read it aloud as a report to the court.

1. The bandit (confess) to (kill) the samurai in a fair fight, and (insist) that the wife (run) away. The wife (claim) that her husband (order) her to kill him, and (admit) (stab) him herself. The dead man, through the medium, (deny) that either of them (touch) him, and (accuse) his wife of (beg) the bandit to kill him. All three (swear) they (be) telling the truth.

1. confessed · killing · insisted · had run · claimed · had ordered · admitted · stabbing · denied · had touched · accused · begging · swore · were

In the Speak tab you'll deliver the verdict — and every sentence of it will need a reporting verb that shows how much you believed each witness.

Why this story stays with you

Ryūnosuke Akutagawa (1892–1927) took the bones of this story from a twelfth-century collection of tales and published 'In a Grove' in January 1922; he killed himself five years later, aged thirty-five, and Japan's most important literary prize bears his name. In 1950 Akira Kurosawa filmed it as Rashōmon, and the film gave the world a phrase — 'the Rashomon effect' — for the way honest witnesses to the same event tell incompatible stories.

The trick is that everyone confesses. The bandit boasts of a fair fight; the wife describes a mercy killing forced on her by her husband's contempt; the husband, speaking from the dark, claims a samurai's suicide. Each story makes its teller the one with honour. And the story ends on the smallest detail — an unseen hand drawing the dagger from the dying man's chest — which sends you back to the woodcutter, who found a rope and a comb, but no dagger, and who was the first to speak and the least questioned. Akutagawa never says what happened. He shows you that even a ghost will lie to keep his pride.

Look again at the ending. Someone took the dagger. The bandit had already left with the sword and bow; the wife had fled. Who was in the grove that evening — and who told us he found 'nothing' but a rope and a comb?

Go deeper — talk it through

Discuss:
  • Rank the seven speakers from most to least believable. Which details do you trust, and why — and does being dead make the husband more honest, or less?
  • Each confession gives its speaker a kind of honour: the bandit's courage, the wife's suffering, the husband's samurai death. Is the story saying that people lie — or that memory itself is a way of surviving?
  • The wife is the only one who cannot claim any honour except her shame. Why does Akutagawa let her speak in a temple, and the husband through a medium?
  • Kurosawa's film adds a hopeful ending. Akutagawa ends in 'the darkness between lives'. Which is truer to what you believe about people?

Speak

This is the heart of the lesson — do all three out loud. The timer is there to keep you going: fill the time with detail rather than escaping it.

Useful language: Reporting with judgement: "The bandit claimed that…", "The wife admitted (stabbing)…", "The dead man insisted / denied…", "He accused her of…". Weighing: "The one detail that doesn't fit is…", "Nobody would invent…", "What all three agree on is…".
Time remaining: 4:00
Task A · Report the case (4 minutes)

You are the commissioner, summing up for the court. Report what each of the seven witnesses said — the woodcutter → the priest → the policeman → the old woman → the bandit → the wife → the dead man — using a different reporting verb for each, and at least five key words (testimony, corpse, bandit, contempt, magistrate, greed, verdict, medium, contradict, confession).

Task B · The verdict (4 minutes)

Decide who killed Kanazawa no Takehiro — the bandit, the wife, the husband himself, or someone else — and defend it from the evidence: the rope, the comb, the missing dagger, the number of arrows, the trampled grass. Then argue for a different killer for one minute.

Task C · Three versions (4 minutes)

Tell one event three times, in reported speech, as three different people would describe it to a listener — each version making its teller look better. Then say what you think really happened.

Stuck for an idea? Pick one of these and run with it:

  • A car accident at a junction, reported by both drivers and a cyclist who saw it.
  • A family argument at a wedding, told by the bride, her mother and the best man.
  • A football match's decisive foul, according to the striker, the defender and the referee.
  • A break-up, as each person explains it to their own best friend.
  • A historical event you know well — a battle, a treaty, a revolution — as the two sides taught it in school.
  • A meeting at work where something went wrong, as reported by the manager, the junior and the client.

To finish — the bigger questions

  1. If everyone in the grove is lying to protect their pride, is anyone actually guilty? Does a killing need a killer?
  2. The wife says 'kill'; the bandit says 'fight'; the husband says 'suicide'. What does each of them think a man's honour requires — and a woman's?
  3. Is there any event in your own life that you and someone else remember incompatibly? Who is right?
  4. Before you go — from memory: report one thing the bandit said with claimed, one thing the wife said with admitted + -ing, and one thing the husband said with denied.