LONGER READS · EPISODE 2 OF 4 · B2/C1 · 50 min

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde — Episode 2

Robert Louis Stevenson's novella, continued: a promise by the fire, a murder in the moonlight, and a letter whose handwriting the lawyer would rather not have recognised.

Today: you'll follow Mr Utterson through the worst week of his life — a murder, a manhunt and a letter that should not exist — and you'll take control of passive reporting (was seen, is believed to have, it was reported that), the grammar of newspapers, police statements and rumour.
Previously… Mr Utterson, a dry London lawyer, heard from his cousin Enfield how a small, hateful-looking man called Hyde walked straight over a child in the street and paid off the family with a cheque signed by the respectable Dr Henry Jekyll. Utterson already held Jekyll's will, which leaves everything to this same Edward Hyde. He haunted the door in the side street until he met Hyde face to face, and came away with the address of Hyde's rooms in Soho, a strong sense of deformity he could not put a name to, and a fear that his old friend was being blackmailed.
Warm up — before we read. Talk these through out loud. There are no wrong answers.
Discuss:
  • Last time you predicted what would happen next. Were you right? What did you expect Utterson to do about Hyde — and what did you expect Jekyll to say?
  • A friend tells you, "I know it looks bad, but I can't explain, and I'm asking you to trust me." At what point do you stop trusting?
  • When a crime is in the news, how much of what we "know" in the first twenty-four hours is fact, and how much is repetition?

Now — the words for this episode

Ten words unlock the episode. Work through the four short activities — say your answer out loud before you reveal it.

A · What do they mean here? Work it out from the sentence

1. Even the inspector, who had seen a great deal in twenty years, was shaken by the ferocity of the attack.
ferocity (n) — savage, violent intensity. Adjective: ferocious (a ferocious dog, ferocious criticism). Stevenson's phrase is "a crime of singular ferocity".
2. He said nothing at all. Then, without warning, he raised the cane above his head and stood brandishing it in the old man's face.
to brandish (v) — to wave a weapon or object about aggressively, as a threat. He brandished a knife / a letter / a newspaper.
3. Every drawer stood open, every pocket had been turned inside out, and papers lay across the floor. Somebody had ransacked the rooms in a hurry.
to ransack (v) — to search a place roughly and thoroughly, leaving chaos, usually to steal or to find something. Burglars ransacked the flat.

B · Which word means…?

Three words from the police side of the story: detection · fugitive · benefactor. Match each definition to the right word — out loud, then reveal.

1. Which word means a person who is running away, especially from the police?
a fugitive (n) — a fugitive from justice. Also an adjective: a fugitive glance = one that quickly disappears.
2. Which word means a person who gives money or generous help to someone else?
a benefactor (n) — from Latin bene (well) + facere (to do). Hyde's letter calls Jekyll "the writer's benefactor". Related: beneficiary — the person who receives, for example under a will.
3. Which word means the discovering of something hidden — a crime, a lie, a criminal?
detection (n) — verb to detect; person a detective. The letter might lead to his detection = it might help the police find him. To escape / avoid detection.

C · Choose the meaning — a / b / c

1. When the lawyer asked about the will, the doctor seemed seized with a qualm; he shut his mouth tight and only nodded. A qualm is…
  (a) a sudden feeling of unease, doubt or faintness   (b) a fit of laughter   (c) a burst of energy
(a) — a qualm (n). Today it usually means a moral doubt: I have no qualms about reporting him. She felt a qualm of conscience. Stevenson uses the older sense: a sudden sick, faint feeling.
2. By evening the newsboys were shouting themselves hoarse along the pavements. Hoarse means…
  (a) very rich   (b) rough and weak in the voice, from shouting or a cold   (c) completely lost
(b) — hoarse (adj). A hoarse whisper. I've been coughing all night and I'm hoarse. Idiom: to shout yourself hoarse. (Same sound as horse — a favourite joke in English.)

D · Word building & collocations

1. The lawyer's last thought that night is "Henry Jekyll forge for a murderer!" — and he has just been told the two handwritings are nearly identical. What does the verb mean here? What is the crime called, and what do you call the person who commits it?
to forge (v) — to make a false copy of a signature, document or banknote in order to deceive. Crime: forgery; person: a forger. (The other forge — to shape hot metal, or to forge an alliance — is the same word: to make something by force.)
2. One noun completes all three: to bear a strong ___ to your father · a family ___ · there is a curious ___ between the two signatures. (Clue: the verb it grew from is to resemble.)
a resemblance (n) — the fact of looking or being like something. Bear a resemblance to; a striking / passing / family resemblance. Guest's phrase is "a rather singular resemblance".

Now use them — out loud

Talk it through before we read:
  • Using fugitive, detection, ransacked and hoarse, give me thirty seconds of a radio news bulletin the morning after a crime.
  • Sort today's words out loud: which belong to the crime, which to the police, and which to the quiet rooms where lawyers and doctors talk?

Episode 2, in three parts

Three chapters of the novella, in Stevenson's own words, closely abridged: a dinner, a murder, and a letter. After each part there's a quick check (try it from memory first), then one thing to discuss.

Part 1 — Dr Jekyll was quite at ease

A fortnight later, by excellent good fortune, the doctor gave one of his pleasant dinners to some five or six old cronies, all intelligent, reputable men and all judges of good wine; and Mr. Utterson so contrived that he remained behind after the others had departed. Hosts loved to detain the dry lawyer; they liked to sit a while in his unobtrusive company, sobering their minds in the man's rich silence after the expense and strain of gaiety. To this rule, Dr. Jekyll was no exception; and as he now sat on the opposite side of the fire—a large, well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty, with something of a slyish cast perhaps, but every mark of capacity and kindness—you could see by his looks that he cherished for Mr. Utterson a sincere and warm affection.

"I have been wanting to speak to you, Jekyll," began the latter. "You know that will of yours?"

A close observer might have gathered that the topic was distasteful; but the doctor carried it off gaily. "My poor Utterson," said he, "you are unfortunate in such a client. I never saw a man so distressed as you were by my will; unless it were that hide-bound pedant, Lanyon, at what he called my scientific heresies."

"You know I never approved of it," pursued Utterson, ruthlessly disregarding the fresh topic. "I have been learning something of young Hyde."

The large handsome face of Dr. Jekyll grew pale to the very lips, and there came a blackness about his eyes. "I do not care to hear more," said he. "This is a matter I thought we had agreed to drop."

"What I heard was abominable," said Utterson.

"It can make no change. You do not understand my position," returned the doctor, with a certain incoherency of manner. "I am painfully situated, Utterson; my position is a very strange—a very strange one. It is one of those affairs that cannot be mended by talking."

"Jekyll," said Utterson, "you know me: I am a man to be trusted. Make a clean breast of this in confidence; and I make no doubt I can get you out of it."

"My good Utterson," said the doctor, "this is very good of you, and I cannot find words to thank you in. I would trust you before any man alive, ay, before myself, if I could make the choice; but indeed it isn't what you fancy; it is not as bad as that; and just to put your good heart at rest, I will tell you one thing: the moment I choose, I can be rid of Mr. Hyde. I give you my hand upon that; and I will just add one little word, Utterson, that I'm sure you'll take in good part: this is a private matter, and I beg of you to let it sleep."

Utterson reflected a little, looking in the fire. "I have no doubt you are perfectly right," he said at last, getting to his feet.

"Well, but since we have touched upon this business, and for the last time I hope," continued the doctor, "there is one point I should like you to understand. I have really a very great interest in poor Hyde. I know you have seen him; he told me so; and I fear he was rude. But I do sincerely take a great, a very great interest in that young man; and if I am taken away, Utterson, I wish you to promise me that you will bear with him and get his rights for him. I think you would, if you knew all; and it would be a weight off my mind if you would promise."

"I can't pretend that I shall ever like him," said the lawyer.

"I don't ask that," pleaded Jekyll, laying his hand upon the other's arm; "I only ask for justice; I only ask you to help him for my sake, when I am no longer here."

Utterson heaved an irrepressible sigh. "Well," said he, "I promise."

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. Jekyll gives Utterson one piece of reassurance about Hyde. What exactly does he say — and what does he not say?

2. What does Jekyll ask Utterson to promise, and how does the lawyer feel about it?

1. "The moment I choose, I can be rid of Mr. Hyde." He does not say who Hyde is, what the connection is, or why the will exists — only that it "cannot be mended by talking", and he asks Utterson to "let it sleep".

2. That if Jekyll is "taken away", Utterson will "bear with" Hyde and "get his rights for him" — that is, carry out the will. Utterson says he can never like the man, sighs, and promises anyway.

Discuss:
  • "The moment I choose, I can be rid of Mr. Hyde." At this point in the book, what do you think Jekyll means by that sentence? Is it the sentence of a man who is in control, or one who wants to believe he is?

Part 2 — The Carew murder case

Nearly a year later, in the month of October, 18—, London was startled by a crime of singular ferocity and rendered all the more notable by the high position of the victim. The details were few and startling. A maid servant living alone in a house not far from the river, had gone upstairs to bed about eleven. Although a fog rolled over the city in the small hours, the early part of the night was cloudless, and the lane, which the maid's window overlooked, was brilliantly lit by the full moon. She sat down upon her box, which stood immediately under the window, and fell into a dream of musing. Never (she used to say, with streaming tears, when she narrated that experience), never had she felt more at peace with all men or thought more kindly of the world. And as she so sat she became aware of an aged beautiful gentleman with white hair, drawing near along the lane; and advancing to meet him, another and very small gentleman, to whom at first she paid less attention. When they had come within speech the older man bowed and accosted the other with a very pretty manner of politeness. It did not seem as if the subject of his address were of great importance; indeed, from his pointing, it sometimes appeared as if he were only inquiring his way; but the moon shone on his face as he spoke, and it seemed to breathe such an innocent and old-world kindness of disposition. Presently her eye wandered to the other, and she was surprised to recognise in him a certain Mr. Hyde, who had once visited her master and for whom she had conceived a dislike. He had in his hand a heavy cane, with which he was trifling; but he answered never a word, and seemed to listen with an ill-contained impatience. And then all of a sudden he broke out in a great flame of anger, stamping with his foot, brandishing the cane, and carrying on (as the maid described it) like a madman. The old gentleman took a step back, with the air of one very much surprised and a trifle hurt; and at that Mr. Hyde broke out of all bounds and clubbed him to the earth. And next moment, with ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under foot. At the horror of these sights and sounds, the maid fainted.

It was two o'clock when she came to herself and called for the police. The murderer was gone long ago; but there lay his victim in the middle of the lane. The stick with which the deed had been done, although it was of some rare and very tough and heavy wood, had broken in the middle under the stress of this insensate cruelty; and one splintered half had rolled in the neighbouring gutter—the other, without doubt, had been carried away by the murderer. A purse and gold watch were found upon the victim: but no cards or papers, except a sealed and stamped envelope, which he had been probably carrying to the post, and which bore the name and address of Mr. Utterson.

This was brought to the lawyer the next morning, before he was out of bed. "I shall say nothing till I have seen the body," said he; "this may be very serious." And with the same grave countenance he drove to the police station, whither the body had been carried. As soon as he came into the cell, he nodded.

"Yes," said he, "I recognise him. I am sorry to say that this is Sir Danvers Carew."

"Good God, sir," exclaimed the officer, "is it possible?" And the next moment his eye lighted up with professional ambition. "This will make a deal of noise," he said. "And perhaps you can help us to the man." And he briefly narrated what the maid had seen, and showed the broken stick.

Mr. Utterson had already quailed at the name of Hyde; but when the stick was laid before him, he could doubt no longer; broken and battered as it was, he recognised it for one that he had himself presented many years before to Henry Jekyll.

"Is this Mr. Hyde a person of small stature?" he inquired.

"Particularly small and particularly wicked-looking, is what the maid calls him," said the officer.

Mr. Utterson reflected; and then, raising his head, "If you will come with me in my cab," he said, "I think I can take you to his house."

It was by this time about nine in the morning, and the first fog of the season. A great chocolate-coloured pall lowered over heaven, so that as the cab crawled from street to street, Mr. Utterson beheld a marvelous number of degrees and hues of twilight. The dismal quarter of Soho seen under these changing glimpses, with its muddy ways, and slatternly passengers, and its lamps, which had never been extinguished or had been kindled afresh to combat this mournful reinvasion of darkness, seemed, in the lawyer's eyes, like a district of some city in a nightmare. As the cab drew up before the address indicated, the fog lifted a little and showed him a dingy street, a gin palace, a low French eating house, many ragged children huddled in the doorways; and the next moment the fog settled down again upon that part, as brown as umber. This was the home of Henry Jekyll's favourite; of a man who was heir to a quarter of a million sterling.

An ivory-faced and silvery-haired old woman opened the door. She had an evil face, smoothed by hypocrisy: but her manners were excellent. Yes, she said, this was Mr. Hyde's, but he was not at home; he had been in that night very late, but he had gone away again in less than an hour; there was nothing strange in that; his habits were very irregular, and he was often absent; for instance, it was nearly two months since she had seen him till yesterday.

"Very well, then, we wish to see his rooms," said the lawyer; and when the woman began to declare it was impossible, "I had better tell you who this person is," he added. "This is Inspector Newcomen of Scotland Yard."

A flash of odious joy appeared upon the woman's face. "Ah!" said she, "he is in trouble! What has he done?"

Mr. Hyde had only used a couple of rooms; but these were furnished with luxury and good taste. At this moment, however, the rooms bore every mark of having been recently and hurriedly ransacked; clothes lay about the floor, with their pockets inside out; lock-fast drawers stood open; and on the hearth there lay a pile of grey ashes, as though many papers had been burned. From these embers the inspector disinterred the butt end of a green cheque book, which had resisted the action of the fire; the other half of the stick was found behind the door; and as this clinched his suspicions, the officer declared himself delighted. A visit to the bank, where several thousand pounds were found to be lying to the murderer's credit, completed his gratification.

"You may depend upon it, sir," he told Mr. Utterson: "I have him in my hand. He must have lost his head, or he never would have left the stick or, above all, burned the cheque book. Why, money's life to the man. We have nothing to do but wait for him at the bank, and get out the handbills."

This last, however, was not so easy of accomplishment; for Mr. Hyde had numbered few familiars; his family could nowhere be traced; he had never been photographed; and the few who could describe him differed widely, as common observers will. Only on one point were they agreed; and that was the haunting sense of unexpressed deformity with which the fugitive impressed his beholders.

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. Why is Mr Utterson involved in this case at all? Two things connect him to it.

2. Why is the inspector so confident — and why does his confidence turn out to be misplaced?

1. The dead man was carrying a sealed letter addressed to Utterson, so the police come to him first; and when he sees the broken stick he recognises it as one he gave Henry Jekyll years ago — which tells him (and the reader) whose house Hyde has been living in.

2. He has found half the stick, the burnt cheque book and several thousand pounds in Hyde's bank account: "money's life to the man", so Hyde must come to the bank. But Hyde has no family, no photograph, and no two witnesses describe him the same way — only a shared feeling of "unexpressed deformity". You cannot print a handbill for a feeling.

Discuss:
  • Stevenson tells the murder entirely through the maid — what she saw, what she felt, when she fainted. Why not simply describe it? What does the story gain from a witness who was "at peace with all men" a minute before?

Part 3 — Incident of the letter

It was late in the afternoon, when Mr. Utterson found his way to Dr. Jekyll's door, where he was at once admitted by Poole, and carried down by the kitchen offices and across a yard which had once been a garden, to the building which was indifferently known as the laboratory or dissecting rooms. It was the first time that the lawyer had been received in that part of his friend's quarters; and he eyed the dingy, windowless structure with curiosity, and gazed round with a distasteful sense of strangeness as he crossed the theatre, once crowded with eager students and now lying gaunt and silent, the tables laden with chemical apparatus, the floor strewn with crates and littered with packing straw, and the light falling dimly through the foggy cupola. At the further end, a flight of stairs mounted to a door covered with red baize; and through this, Mr. Utterson was at last received into the doctor's cabinet. It was a large room fitted round with glass presses, and looking out upon the court by three dusty windows barred with iron. The fire burned in the grate; a lamp was set lighted on the chimney shelf, for even in the houses the fog began to lie thickly; and there, close up to the warmth, sat Dr. Jekyll, looking deathly sick. He did not rise to meet his visitor, but held out a cold hand and bade him welcome in a changed voice.

"And now," said Mr. Utterson, as soon as Poole had left them, "you have heard the news?"

The doctor shuddered. "They were crying it in the square," he said. "I heard them in my dining-room."

"One word," said the lawyer. "Carew was my client, but so are you, and I want to know what I am doing. You have not been mad enough to hide this fellow?"

"Utterson, I swear to God," cried the doctor, "I swear to God I will never set eyes on him again. I bind my honour to you that I am done with him in this world. It is all at an end. And indeed he does not want my help; you do not know him as I do; he is safe, he is quite safe; mark my words, he will never more be heard of."

The lawyer listened gloomily; he did not like his friend's feverish manner. "You seem pretty sure of him," said he; "and for your sake, I hope you may be right. If it came to a trial, your name might appear."

"I am quite sure of him," replied Jekyll; "I have grounds for certainty that I cannot share with any one. But there is one thing on which you may advise me. I have—I have received a letter; and I am at a loss whether I should show it to the police. I should like to leave it in your hands, Utterson; you would judge wisely, I am sure; I have so great a trust in you."

"You fear, I suppose, that it might lead to his detection?" asked the lawyer.

"No," said the other. "I cannot say that I care what becomes of Hyde; I am quite done with him. I was thinking of my own character, which this hateful business has rather exposed."

Utterson ruminated awhile; he was surprised at his friend's selfishness, and yet relieved by it. "Well," said he, at last, "let me see the letter."

The letter was written in an odd, upright hand and signed "Edward Hyde": and it signified, briefly enough, that the writer's benefactor, Dr. Jekyll, whom he had long so unworthily repaid for a thousand generosities, need labour under no alarm for his safety, as he had means of escape on which he placed a sure dependence. The lawyer liked this letter well enough; it put a better colour on the intimacy than he had looked for; and he blamed himself for some of his past suspicions.

"Have you the envelope?" he asked.

"I burned it," replied Jekyll, "before I thought what I was about. But it bore no postmark. The note was handed in."

"Shall I keep this and sleep upon it?" asked Utterson.

"I wish you to judge for me entirely," was the reply. "I have lost confidence in myself."

"Well, I shall consider," returned the lawyer. "And now one word more: it was Hyde who dictated the terms in your will about that disappearance?"

The doctor seemed seized with a qualm of faintness; he shut his mouth tight and nodded.

"I knew it," said Utterson. "He meant to murder you. You had a fine escape."

"I have had what is far more to the purpose," returned the doctor solemnly: "I have had a lesson—O God, Utterson, what a lesson I have had!" And he covered his face for a moment with his hands.

On his way out, the lawyer stopped and had a word or two with Poole. "By the bye," said he, "there was a letter handed in to-day: what was the messenger like?" But Poole was positive nothing had come except by post; "and only circulars by that," he added.

This news sent off the visitor with his fears renewed. Plainly the letter had come by the laboratory door; possibly, indeed, it had been written in the cabinet; and if that were so, it must be differently judged, and handled with the more caution. The newsboys, as he went, were crying themselves hoarse along the footways: "Special edition. Shocking murder of an M.P." That was the funeral oration of one friend and client; and he could not help a certain apprehension lest the good name of another should be sucked down in the eddy of the scandal. It was, at least, a ticklish decision that he had to make; and self-reliant as he was by habit, he began to cherish a longing for advice. It was not to be had directly; but perhaps, he thought, it might be fished for.

Presently after, he sat on one side of his own hearth, with Mr. Guest, his head clerk, upon the other, and midway between, at a nicely calculated distance from the fire, a bottle of a particular old wine that had long dwelt unsunned in the foundations of his house. The fog still slept on the wing above the drowned city, where the lamps glimmered like carbuncles. But the room was gay with firelight. Insensibly the lawyer melted. There was no man from whom he kept fewer secrets than Mr. Guest; and Guest, being a great student and critic of handwriting, would consider the step natural and obliging. The clerk, besides, was a man of counsel; he could scarce read so strange a document without dropping a remark; and by that remark Mr. Utterson might shape his future course.

"This is a sad business about Sir Danvers," he said.

"Yes, sir, indeed. It has elicited a great deal of public feeling," returned Guest. "The man, of course, was mad."

"I should like to hear your views on that," replied Utterson. "I have a document here in his handwriting; it is between ourselves, for I scarce know what to do about it; it is an ugly business at the best. But there it is; quite in your way: a murderer's autograph."

Guest's eyes brightened, and he sat down at once and studied it with passion. "No sir," he said: "not mad; but it is an odd hand."

"And by all accounts a very odd writer," added the lawyer.

Just then the servant entered with a note.

"Is that from Dr. Jekyll, sir?" inquired the clerk. "I thought I knew the writing. Anything private, Mr. Utterson?"

"Only an invitation to dinner. Why? Do you want to see it?"

"One moment. I thank you, sir;" and the clerk laid the two sheets of paper alongside and sedulously compared their contents. "Thank you, sir," he said at last, returning both; "it's a very interesting autograph."

There was a pause, during which Mr. Utterson struggled with himself. "Why did you compare them, Guest?" he inquired suddenly.

"Well, sir," returned the clerk, "there's a rather singular resemblance; the two hands are in many points identical: only differently sloped."

"Rather quaint," said Utterson.

"It is, as you say, rather quaint," returned Guest.

"I wouldn't speak of this note, you know," said the master.

"No, sir," said the clerk. "I understand."

But no sooner was Mr. Utterson alone that night, than he locked the note into his safe, where it reposed from that time forward. "What!" he thought. "Henry Jekyll forge for a murderer!" And his blood ran cold in his veins.

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. Jekyll says the letter was "handed in". What does Poole say — and what does that force Utterson to conclude?

2. What does Mr Guest notice, and what does Utterson do with the letter that night?

1. Poole is certain that nothing arrived that day except circulars by post. So the letter must have come through the laboratory door — or, worse, been written inside the cabinet where Jekyll was sitting.

2. Laying Hyde's letter beside Jekyll's dinner invitation, Guest finds the two handwritings "in many points identical: only differently sloped". Utterson asks him to say nothing, then locks the note in his safe, "where it reposed from that time forward", believing his friend has forged a letter to protect a murderer.

Discuss:
  • Utterson has evidence in a murder case, and he puts it in a safe. Is he protecting a friend, protecting a reputation, or protecting himself from a truth he doesn't want? Which of the three would you have done?

Grammar — passive reporting: it was reported that…

This episode is full of people who know things second-hand: the police from the maid, Utterson from the police, London from the newsboys. When English wants to report what is said, seen or believed without naming who says it, it reaches for passive reporting. Newspapers, police statements and rumour all live here.

Pattern 1 — It + passive reporting verb + that-clause.
• It is said that the fog that autumn was the worst in living memory.
• It was reported that a gentleman had been attacked near the river.
• It is thought that the two men had never met.

Verbs that work here: say, report, believe, think, know, understand, claim, expect, rumour, allege. The tense of the reporting verb tells you when the report was made; the tense inside the clause tells you when the event happened.
Pattern 2 — Subject + passive reporting verb + to-infinitive. The person or thing reported becomes the subject.
• Hyde is thought to be somewhere abroad. — the belief is now, the state is now: to + infinitive.
• Hyde is thought to have left the country. — the belief is now, the leaving is earlier: to have + past participle.
• The maid was said to be sitting at the window when it happened. — an action in progress: to be + -ing.
• There are believed to be several thousand pounds in the account. — with there.

Same sentence, two shapes: It is believed that he has fled = He is believed to have fled. Pattern 2 is tighter and sounds more like a newspaper.
Pattern 3 — the plain passive for what was witnessed.
• The attack was seen by a maid from an upstairs window.
• A broken stick was found in the gutter.
• The doctor was heard to say that he was done with him. (after see, hear, make in the passive, the to comes back: he was seen to leave.)

Why a careful writer reaches for all three: to report without accusing, to keep a source anonymous, to sound official — or, as Utterson knows, to say a thing without quite saying it.

1. It + reporting verb — put the verb into the correct passive form

The tense of the reporting verb is shown in brackets.

1. It (report) in every newspaper that a Member of Parliament had been killed. (past simple)

2. It (believe) that the murderer has fled abroad. (present simple)

3. It (say) at the time that the victim had only stopped to ask the way. (past simple)

4. It (now / know) that the stick came from Dr Jekyll's house. (present simple)

1. was reported

2. is believed

3. was said

4. is now known

2. Rewrite with the subject first — to-infinitive or to have + participle?

Each sentence is given in Pattern 1. Complete the Pattern 2 version. Decide first whether the event is at the same time as the report or earlier.

1. It is said that the maid fainted at the window. → The maid at the window.

2. It is believed that Hyde has left London. → Hyde London.

3. It was reported that several thousand pounds were lying in the account. → Several thousand pounds in the account.

4. It is thought that Hyde has no family. → Hyde no family.

1. is said to have fainted — the report is now; the fainting was earlier.

2. is believed to have left — present perfect in the clause → to have + participle.

3. were reported to be lying — report and event at the same time, in progress → to be + -ing.

4. is thought to have — same time, a state → plain infinitive. Careful: this to have is the ordinary verb "have", not the perfect.

3. Write the newspaper report — complete the paragraph

Fill each gap with the right passive form. The bracket tells you the verb and, where it matters, the tense. Then read the whole report aloud in your best news voice.

SHOCKING MURDER OF AN M.P. — Sir Danvers Carew (find — past simple) dead in a lane near the river early yesterday morning. The attack (witness — past simple) by a servant from an upstairs window. It (understand — present simple) that Sir Danvers had merely stopped to ask the way. A broken walking stick (recover — past simple) at the scene, and the murderer (believe / escape — Pattern 2, earlier event) with the other half. The suspect, a Mr Edward Hyde, (know — present simple) to have rooms in Soho; he (not / see — present perfect) since the night of the crime. A substantial reward (expect — present simple) to be offered.

was found · was witnessed · is understood · was recovered · is believed to have escaped · is known · has not been seen · is expected

Now read it back. Not one sentence names a source, and not one sentence is a lie — which is exactly why the police, the papers and Mr Utterson all find this grammar so useful.

Hold on to these forms — in the Speak tab you'll report the whole case as a journalist would, and then argue about what Utterson should have done with the letter.

Going deeper

These three chapters are the hinge of the novella. Until now Hyde has been a rumour and a bad feeling; now he is a murderer with a name in the newspapers. And the man who should be most frightened, Dr Jekyll, is instead strangely calm — "he is safe, he is quite safe; mark my words, he will never more be heard of."

The heart of it. Notice how little violence Stevenson actually shows. The murder takes one paragraph, is seen through a maid's window by moonlight, and ends when she faints — the reader is spared what she was spared. What the chapter dwells on instead is the fog: brown, chocolate-coloured, "a district of some city in a nightmare". Victorian London in this book is a place where you cannot see clearly, where a respectable street and a Soho gin palace are ten minutes apart, and where the most dangerous rooms are "furnished with luxury and good taste".

And notice what the letter does. It arrives to make everything better — Hyde is grateful, Hyde is gone, Jekyll is off the hook — and within a page it has made everything worse, because a clerk with a hobby lays it next to a dinner invitation. Stevenson's horror is never in the dark; it is in the ordinary, well-lit, expert comparison of two sheets of paper. The clue that undoes Jekyll is not a body but his own handwriting, and the man who finds it is his friend, who promptly locks it away.
Talk it through:
  • Jekyll tells Utterson he is "done with" Hyde, then admits he cares more about his own reputation than about whether Hyde is caught. Utterson is "surprised at his friend's selfishness, and yet relieved by it". Why relieved?
  • The fog is described more carefully than the murder. What is fog doing in this book — weather, or something else?
  • Guest, the clerk, sees the resemblance and says only "rather quaint". Utterson agrees and asks him to say nothing. What is being agreed between the two men without either of them saying it?
  • Hyde cannot be caught because nobody can describe him the same way twice. In an age before photographs of everyone, what did it take to be "identified"? What does it take now — and is that better?

Speak

This is the heart of the lesson — do all of it out loud. The timer is there to keep you going: fill the time with detail rather than racing through it.

Useful language: lean on today's grammar — it was reported that…; the attack was witnessed by…; Hyde is believed to have…; the stick was found…; he is known to have…; it is understood that…. For opinions: "What strikes me is…", "You could argue that…", "In fairness to Utterson…", "The part that doesn't add up is…".
Time remaining: 4:00
Task A · Report the case (4 minutes)

You are a journalist who has spoken to everyone — the maid, Inspector Newcomen, the old woman in Soho, and a lawyer who will not be named. Tell the whole episode as a news report: the dinner and the promise → the moonlit lane → the stick and the letter in the victim's pocket → Sir Danvers Carew identified → the fog and the rooms in Soho → the ashes and the cheque book → a suspect nobody can describe → the doctor's letter → two handwritings side by side.

Use at least four passive reporting structures (it was reported that, is believed to have, was seen, is known to…) and at least five key words (ferocity, brandish, ransack, fugitive, benefactor, detection, qualm, hoarse, forge, resemblance).

Task B · The letter in the safe (4 minutes)

Utterson holds a document that could matter in a murder investigation, and he locks it in his safe. Take a side and argue it properly: was that defensible? Consider what he actually knows, what he only suspects, what he owes Jekyll, and what he owes Sir Danvers Carew — his other client. Give at least three reasons and deal with the strongest objection to your own position.

Then swap: argue the opposite side for one minute. It is harder — and it is where the good language comes out.

Task C · Predict (4 minutes)

What happens next — and what would have to be true for it to happen? Choose the direction you find most likely, tell it as a story, and then explain what facts about Jekyll, Hyde or Utterson would have to be true for your version to work. Use is bound to, might well, will probably, would have to.

Stuck for an idea? Pick one of these and run with it:

  • Hyde is caught at the bank, exactly as the inspector expects, and stands trial — and Jekyll's name comes out.
  • Hyde is never seen again, Jekyll recovers completely, and the story becomes about a man rebuilding his life.
  • Utterson confronts Jekyll with the two handwritings, and the doctor finally tells him the truth.
  • Dr Lanyon — the "hide-bound pedant" — learns something about Jekyll's "scientific heresies" that changes everything.
  • Jekyll withdraws into the laboratory and stops seeing anyone, and it is the servants who raise the alarm.
  • A new will appears — and it does not mention Hyde at all.

To finish — the bigger questions

  1. Every person who meets Hyde feels something is wrong with him but cannot say what. Have you ever had that reaction to a person or a place? Do you trust it?
  2. Jekyll says he has "had a lesson". From what you know so far, what lesson do you think he means — and do you believe he has learned it?
  3. The most respectable man in the book has a laboratory at the bottom of his garden with iron bars on the windows. What is the story suggesting about respectability?
  4. Before you go — from memory: give me three sentences about this episode — one beginning It was reported that…, one with is believed to have…, and one plain passive with was seen or was found. Then tell me the difference between Hyde is thought to be abroad and Hyde is thought to have gone abroad.