LONGER READS · EPISODE 1 OF 3 · A2/B1 · 50 min

The Metamorphosis — Episode 1

Franz Kafka's story of a young man who wakes up one morning as a giant insect — and worries about missing his train.

Today: you'll tell the first part of a very famous story — a man wakes up as an insect — and you'll practise can and can't, to say what people are able to do and not able to do.
Warm up — before we read. Talk about these out loud. There are no wrong answers.
Discuss:
  • What is the first thing you do every morning? What do you do if you wake up late?
  • Imagine you wake up and you can't get out of bed. Who do you call first? What do you say?
  • Do you like your job, or your studies? What is the worst part of it?

Now — the words for today's episode

Ten words. Do the four short activities, and say your answer out loud before you reveal it.

A · What do they mean here? Look at the sentence

1. There was a small brown insect on the kitchen wall. It had six legs, and it ran behind the cupboard when I turned on the light.
an insect (n) — a very small animal with six legs: an ant, a fly, a bee, a beetle. "I don't like insects in the house."
2. My uncle is a salesman. He travels to a different town every day, goes into the shops and shows them his company's products.
a salesman (n) — a man whose job is selling things. A woman: a saleswoman. For both: a salesperson. A travelling salesman goes from town to town.
3. It was late at night. Somebody knocked on my door — three times, with a hand — but I didn't open it.
to knock (v) — to hit a door with your hand so people inside hear you. Also a noun: "There was a knock at the door."

B · Which word means…?

Three words: a stick · a voice · a key. Say the right word out loud, then reveal.

1. Which word means the sound you make when you speak or sing?
a voice (n) — "She has a beautiful voice." / "He spoke in a quiet voice." / "I've got a cold — I've lost my voice."
2. Which word means the small metal thing that opens a door?
a key (n) — "I can't find my keys!" / "Turn the key to open the door."
3. Which word means a long, thin piece of wood — some old people walk with one?
a stick (n) — "My grandfather walks with a stick." / "The dog ran after the stick." A walking stick is for walking.

C · Choose the meaning — a / b / c

1. "The train leaves in five minutes! We must hurry!" Hurry means…
  (a) go slowly   (b) go fast, because there is not much time   (c) sit down and wait
(b) — to hurry (v) = to do something quickly because you don't have much time. "Hurry up!" / "Don't hurry — we have time." Also: to be in a hurry.
2. The door was heavy. She pushed it with both hands, and slowly it opened. Push means…
  (a) move something away from you with your hands   (b) pull something towards you   (c) open something with a key
(a) — to push (v) = to move something away from you, with your hands or your body. Opposite: to pull. You see PUSH and PULL on shop doors.

D · Word families & opposites

1. The verb is to lock — you do it with a key, and then nobody can open the door. What is the opposite verb? And what is the noun for the metal part of the door where the key goes?
to lock (v) → opposite to unlock; noun a lock. Adjective: "The door is locked." "I locked myself out" = I am outside and my keys are inside.
2. Gregor's mother says he is ill. What is the noun? And what is the opposite adjective — there are two good answers.
ill (adj) → noun an illness. Opposites: well, healthy. "I feel ill" and "I feel sick" mean the same thing. "She's off work — she's ill."

Now use them — out loud

Talk before we read:
  • Use insect, voice and knock to describe a strange morning, in three sentences.
  • Which words today are things (nouns)? Which are actions (verbs)? Sort them out loud.

Part I, in three parts

Franz Kafka wrote this story in 1912, in German. This is the first of its three parts, told here in simple English. Nobody in the story asks why — read it and see. After each part, answer the questions from memory, then discuss.

Part 1 — A strange morning

Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning after bad dreams. Something is wrong. He is lying on his back, and his back is hard, like a shell. His stomach is brown and round. He has many small, thin legs, and they move in the air. He can't stop them.

"What has happened to me?" he thinks. It is not a dream. His room is the same. His table is the same. On the wall there is a picture of a lady in a fur hat.

Outside it is raining. Gregor feels sad. He wants to sleep again and forget everything. But he can't. He always sleeps on his right side, and now he can't turn. He tries a hundred times.

Then he thinks about his job. Gregor is a salesman. He travels every day, by train, to sell cloth. He hates the job. The food is bad, the trains are early, and the boss is unfriendly. But Gregor can't stop working. His parents owe the boss a lot of money. Gregor must work for five or six more years to pay it back.

Then he looks at the clock. It is half past six! His train left at five o'clock. The alarm clock rang at four — but he didn't hear it. Now the boss will be angry.

There is a knock on the door. "Gregor," says his mother, "it's a quarter to seven. Aren't you going to work?"

Gregor answers: "Yes, yes, thank you, Mother. I'm getting up now." But his voice is strange. There is a small, high sound in it, like an animal.

Now his father knocks on another door. "Gregor! What's the matter?" And his sister, Grete, speaks softly through the third door: "Gregor? Are you ill? Do you need anything?"

"I'm nearly ready," says Gregor, very slowly and carefully. All three doors are locked. Gregor always locks his doors at night. Today he is happy about that.

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. What is Gregor's job, and why can't he leave it?

2. Who knocks on the doors? What does each person say?

1. He is a travelling salesman — he sells cloth. He can't leave because his parents owe the boss a lot of money, and Gregor needs five or six more years to pay it back.

2. His mother ("It's a quarter to seven. Aren't you going to work?"), his father ("What's the matter?") and his sister Grete ("Are you ill? Do you need anything?").

Discuss:
  • Gregor is an insect now — but he thinks about his job first, not about his body. Is that funny, or sad? Why do you think he does that?

Part 2 — The man from the office

Gregor tries to get out of bed. It is very difficult. He has no arms and no hands now. His little legs move all the time, but he can't control them. He tries to move his bottom half first. He can't. Then he tries to move his head first. But he is afraid: if he falls, he will hurt his head.

"Before a quarter past seven, I must be out of this bed," he says.

He starts to rock from side to side. Then — the doorbell rings. It is a quarter past seven. Gregor knows who it is. It is the chief clerk from the office — the boss's assistant. He wants to know why Gregor is not on the train.

Gregor is angry. Is it a crime to miss one train? Why does the chief clerk come himself? He falls out of bed with a loud bang. He hits his head.

"Something fell in there," says the chief clerk in the next room.

Gregor's father speaks through the door: "Gregor, the chief clerk is here. He wants to talk to you. Please open the door."

His mother says to the chief clerk: "He is ill. Gregor never misses a train. He only thinks about work. He never goes out in the evening. He sits at home and reads train timetables!"

The chief clerk speaks loudly: "Mr Samsa, what is the matter? You lock yourself in your room. You answer only yes and no. Your parents are worried. And your work is not good at the moment. The boss is not happy."

"But sir!" cries Gregor. "I'm opening the door now, this minute! I was a little ill — I felt dizzy. But now I'm fine. I can take the eight o'clock train. Please don't say bad things about me to the boss!"

There is silence. Then the chief clerk says quietly: "Did you understand one word of that?"

"He's ill!" cries the mother. "Grete, run for the doctor!"

"That was an animal's voice," says the chief clerk.

"Anna!" shouts the father to the maid. "Get a locksmith!"

Gregor is calmer now. They think he is ill. They want to help him. He goes to the door. He turns the key — with his mouth. He has no teeth, but his jaws are strong. Something brown comes out of his mouth. The key turns.

"Do you hear that?" says the chief clerk. "He's turning the key!"

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. Who comes to the flat at a quarter past seven, and why?

2. How does Gregor open the door?

1. The chief clerk from the office — the boss's assistant. He wants to know why Gregor is not on the train.

2. With his mouth. He has no teeth, but his jaws are strong. He turns the key, and something brown comes out of his mouth.

Discuss:
  • Gregor's mother says: "He never goes out in the evening. He only thinks about work." Is this a good son — or a sad life?

Part 3 — The open door

The door opens. Gregor is behind it. Slowly, he moves round the door. Now they can see him.

"Oh!" The chief clerk puts his hand over his mouth. He walks backwards, step by step.

Gregor's mother looks at him. Then she falls to the floor and hides her face.

Gregor's father makes a fist. Then he looks around the room. Then he puts his hands over his eyes, and he cries.

Gregor stays in the doorway. Outside, it is still raining. On the wall there is a photo of Gregor in his army uniform. He is smiling in the photo. On the table there is breakfast for the family.

"Now," says Gregor — he is the only calm person in the flat — "I'll get dressed and go to work. Sir, please don't go. I'm not lazy. I like my job. Please say good things about me to the boss. I'm in trouble, but I can get out of it."

But the chief clerk can't understand Gregor's words. He moves slowly to the door of the flat. He looks at the stairs.

Gregor thinks: "I can't let him go! He will tell the boss. I'll lose my job!" He lets go of the door and falls onto his little legs. And for the first time, he feels good. His legs work! He can walk!

His mother jumps up. "Help! Help!" She runs backwards and sits on the table. The coffee pot falls over, and coffee runs onto the carpet.

"Mother, Mother," says Gregor quietly.

The chief clerk runs down the stairs. "Ugh!" he shouts.

Now the father is angry. He takes the chief clerk's walking stick in one hand and a newspaper in the other. He stamps his feet. He makes a sound like a snake: "Sssss!" He pushes Gregor back towards his room.

Gregor can't walk backwards. He turns round, very slowly. But the door is narrow, and his body is wide. He can't get through. His side hurts. There are marks on the white door. He is stuck.

Then his father pushes him hard from behind. Gregor flies into his room. He is bleeding. The father closes the door with the stick — bang.

Then everything is quiet.

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. What do the chief clerk, the mother and the father do when they see Gregor?

2. How does Gregor get back into his room?

1. The chief clerk says "Oh!", puts his hand over his mouth and walks backwards. The mother falls to the floor and hides her face. The father makes a fist, then puts his hands over his eyes and cries.

2. His father pushes him back with a stick and a newspaper. Gregor can't walk backwards, so he turns round. He gets stuck in the narrow door. Then his father pushes him hard from behind, and closes the door with the stick.

Discuss:
  • Nobody in the family speaks to Gregor. They only talk about him. How do you think Gregor feels at the end of this part?

Grammar — can & can't

This story is a list of things Gregor can and can't do. Yesterday he could walk, talk, work and travel. Today he can't turn over. So today's grammar is can and can't — the simplest way in English to talk about what is possible.

1 · The form. can + verb. No to, no -s, no -ing.
• I can swim. She can swim. They can swim. (not "she cans", not "can to swim")
• Negative: cannot → can't. My grandmother can't use a computer.
• Question: Can + person + verb? Can you drive?
• Short answers: Yes, I can. / No, I can't.

Past: could / couldn't. When I was six, I could ride a bike, but I couldn't swim.
2 · What can means.
• Ability: Birds can fly. Fish can't walk.
• Possibility: You can see the sea from my window.
• Permission: Can I open the window? — Yes, you can.

In this story, it is nearly always ability. Gregor's body is new. What can it do? What can't it do? He finds out, one thing at a time — and so do we.

1. Can or can't? Use the verb in brackets

Think about the story. Write can or can't + the verb.

1. Gregor (turn) onto his right side.

2. He (stop) his little legs — they move all the time.

3. He (hear) his mother through the door.

4. His family (understand) his words.

5. Gregor (turn) the key with his mouth.

1. can't turn   2. can't stop   3. can hear   4. can't understand   5. can turn

Three things he can't do, two things he can. Say all five out loud.

2. Questions and short answers

Write the missing word. Remember: after can, the verb has no to and no -s.

1. Gregor open the door with his hands? — No, he .

2. Can he (hear) the chief clerk? — Yes, he .

3. Can the chief clerk (understand) Gregor? — No, he .

4. Gregor walk on his little legs? — Yes, he .

1. Can … can't   2. hear … can   3. understand … can't   4. Can … can

Never "Can he hears" or "Can he to hear". The verb stays simple.

3. Tell the morning — complete the paragraph

Write can or can't + the verb. Then read the whole paragraph aloud.

Gregor wakes up, but he (not / get up). He (move) his legs, but he (not / control) them. He (speak), but his family (not / understand) him. He (open) the door with his mouth. He (not / walk) backwards, so he turns round. But he (not / go) through the door, because his body is too wide.

can't get up · can move · can't control · can speak · can't understand · can open · can't walk · can't go

Now read it again. Every "can" in this paragraph is a small victory for Gregor. Every "can't" is a wall.

Keep these — in the Speak tab you will tell the whole morning with can and can't.

Going deeper

Franz Kafka wrote this story in Prague in the winter of 1912. In the day he worked in an insurance office; at night he wrote. He was nearly thirty, and he still lived with his parents. His father was a big, loud man who did not understand him.

What is strange in this story? Not the insect. The strange thing is that nobody asks why. Gregor doesn't ask. His family doesn't ask. Gregor thinks about his train, his boss and his parents' money. This is Kafka's big idea: something terrible happens, and life — the job, the money, the family — just continues.

What kind of insect? Kafka never says. He told his publisher: do not draw the insect on the cover of the book. Why? Because the story is not about the insect. It is about how people treat him. We never see Gregor clearly. We only see the faces of the people looking at him.
Talk it through:
  • Gregor works for his family. Now he can't work. Do you think the family will still love him? Why, or why not?
  • The chief clerk comes to the house because Gregor missed one train. Is that normal? What happens in your job if you are late one day?
  • Kafka never says why Gregor changed. Do you want to know why? Would the story be better with a reason?
  • The father cries — and then he takes a stick. Why do you think he changes so quickly?

Speak

This is the most important part — say everything out loud. Use the timer, and try to fill the whole time.

Useful language: He can… / He can't… / Can he…? / Yes, he can. / No, he can't.
For opinions: "I think…", "For me…", "The saddest part is…", "I don't agree, because…".
Time remaining: 4:00
Task A · Tell Episode 1 (4 minutes)

Tell the story of this morning in your own words. Follow the order: Gregor wakes up → his new body → his job and the money → the clock → three knocks → his strange voice → out of bed → the doorbell → the chief clerk → "an animal's voice" → the key → the open door → the family's faces → the chief clerk runs → the coffee → the stick → the door closes.

Use at least five sentences with can or can't and at least four key words (insect, salesman, knock, voice, key, stick, hurry, push, lock, ill).

Task B · Good family or bad family? (4 minutes)

Is Gregor's family kind to him this morning? Give three reasons for your answer, with examples from the story. Then say what you would do if your brother or your son opened the door like that.

Now try the other side for one minute. Say the opposite of what you just said. It is difficult — that is the point.

Task C · What happens next? (4 minutes)

Episode 2 starts on the same evening. What happens next — and what must be true for it to happen? Make three predictions. For each one, say what must be true. For example: "I think his sister brings him food. For that, she must not be afraid of him."

Stuck for an idea? Pick one of these and run with it:

  • His sister takes care of him. What must she think about her brother?
  • The family has no money. What must be true about the father?
  • The chief clerk tells the boss everything. What does the boss do?
  • Gregor starts to like his new body. What must change in his mind?
  • Somebody from outside the family sees him. Who? And what must the family do then?
  • One morning, Gregor is a man again. Is this possible in this story?

To finish — the bigger questions

  1. Gregor thinks about his job first, not about his body. What do you think about first in the morning?
  2. Which moment in this episode do you remember most? Say why.
  3. Nobody speaks to Gregor; they only speak about him. Has that ever happened to you — people talking about you, not to you?
  4. Before you go — from memory: give me three sentences about Gregor with can't, two with can, and one question with Can…? — with a short answer.