SHORT STORIES, LONG SHADOWS · B2/C1 · 50 min

The Cabuliwallah

Rabindranath Tagore (1892) — a fruit-seller from Kabul, a five-year-old in Calcutta, and a handprint on a piece of paper.

Today: you'll tell a story about two fathers and a friendship across a great distance, and use used to, would and be used to to talk about how things were and how people change.
Before we read:
  • Think of a grown-up who was kind to you when you were small — not a relative. What do you remember about them?
  • Who counts as a stranger? At what point does a stranger stop being one?
  • Is it ever right to let a child make friends with someone the family doesn't quite trust?

Key words — think first, then check

Before we read, let's unlock the words you'll need. Think first — the Reveal only confirms.

A. Work it out from the sentence

Read each sentence aloud and say what the bold word means from the rest of the sentence. Then reveal.

1. A pedlar came down the street every winter with a bag on his back and boxes of grapes in his hands, calling at each house in turn.
a pedlar (n) — someone who travels from place to place selling small goods. (Also spelt peddler.)
2. She was so timid that a knock at the door could make her hide, and every noise in the street was a thief or a tiger.
timid (adj) — easily frightened; lacking courage or confidence.
3. He looked at me wistfully, said good morning, and went out — a man who had hoped for something and been refused.
wistfully (adv) — with a quiet, sad longing for something you cannot have.
4. Having given the money away, I had to curtail the celebrations: no electric lights, no military band.
to curtail (v) — to reduce or cut short.

B. Close in meaning, or opposite?

Say the word that fits, then reveal.

5. Vexed is close in meaning to which everyday word — annoyed, bored, or excited?
vexed (adj) ≈ annoyed, irritated. Her mother is often vexed at her chatter.
6. Precarious is the opposite of which word — secure, expensive, or slow?
precarious (adj) — the opposite of secure: dangerously uncertain, likely to fall or fail.
7. Judicious is close in meaning to which word — wise, quick, or generous?
judicious (adj) ≈ wise, showing good judgement. a judicious bribery of nuts and almonds

C. Choose the meaning

One sentence, three options. Say a, b or c — then reveal.

8. Among his people, 'the father-in-law's house' was a euphemism for prison. A euphemism is: (a) a rude word for something (b) a mild or indirect word used instead of an unpleasant one (c) a word from another language
(b) — a euphemism (n) is a gentler or indirect expression used in place of a blunt one.
9. He looked staggered when the young bride walked in. Staggered means: (a) delighted (b) bored (c) shocked and unsteady with surprise
(c) — staggered (adj) — so surprised that you can hardly stand or speak.
10. She stood bashfully before him, her face turned down. Bashfully means: (a) shyly, with embarrassment (b) angrily (c) proudly
(a) — bashfully (adv) — in a shy, embarrassed way.

Now use them — out loud

Talk it through before we read:
  • Put the ten words into three groups: words about people and character, words about feelings, and words about situations. Say why.
  • Using pedlar, timid and euphemism, predict what kind of story this is.

The story, in three parts

Tagore's story in the 1916 English translation, lightly shortened. Read each part; after it, try the quick check from memory, then talk about the question.

Part 1 — A man with a bag

My five years' old daughter Mini cannot live without chattering. I really believe that in all her life she has not wasted a minute in silence. Her mother is often vexed at this, and would stop her prattle, but I would not. To see Mini quiet is unnatural, and I cannot bear it long. And so my own talk with her is always lively.

One morning, for instance, when I was in the midst of the seventeenth chapter of my new novel, my little Mini stole into the room, and putting her hand into mine, said: "Father! Ramdayal the door-keeper calls a crow a krow! He doesn't know anything, does he?"

The window of my room overlooks the road. The child had seated herself at my feet near my table, and was playing softly, drumming on her knees. I was hard at work on my seventeenth chapter, where Protrap Singh, the hero, had just caught Kanchanlata, the heroine, in his arms, and was about to escape with her by the third story window of the castle, when all of a sudden Mini left her play, and ran to the window, crying, "A Cabuliwallah! a Cabuliwallah!" Sure enough in the street below was a Cabuliwallah, passing slowly along. He wore the loose soiled clothing of his people, with a tall turban; there was a bag on his back, and he carried boxes of grapes in his hand.

I cannot tell what were my daughter's feelings at the sight of this man, but she began to call him loudly. "Ah!" I thought, "he will come in, and my seventeenth chapter will never be finished!" At which exact moment the Cabuliwallah turned, and looked up at the child. When she saw this, overcome by terror, she fled to her mother's protection, and disappeared. She had a blind belief that inside the bag, which the big man carried, there were perhaps two or three other children like herself. The pedlar meanwhile entered my doorway, and greeted me with a smiling face.

As he was about to leave, he asked: "And where is the little girl, sir?"

And I, thinking that Mini must get rid of her false fear, had her brought out.

She stood by my chair, and looked at the Cabuliwallah and his bag. He offered her nuts and raisins, but she would not be tempted, and only clung the closer to me, with all her doubts increased.

This was their first meeting.

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. Why does Mini run away from the Cabuliwallah the first time she sees him?

2. What does the father do about her fear, and does it work?

1. She has a 'blind belief' that the big man's bag contains two or three other children like herself.

2. He has her brought out to meet the man; the pedlar offers nuts and raisins, but she refuses them and clings closer to her father, with 'all her doubts increased'.

Discuss:
  • The father is writing a romantic adventure novel while a real adventure walks past his window. What does Tagore want us to notice about him?

Part 2 — 'What have you got in your bag?'

One morning, however, not many days later, as I was leaving the house, I was startled to find Mini, seated on a bench near the door, laughing and talking, with the great Cabuliwallah at her feet. In all her life, it appeared; my small daughter had never found so patient a listener, save her father. And already the corner of her little sari was stuffed with almonds and raisins, the gift of her visitor, "Why did you give her those?" I said, and taking out an eight-anna bit, I handed it to him. The man accepted the money without demur, and slipped it into his pocket.

It was not the first or second time, I found, that the two had met. The Cabuliwallah had overcome the child's first terror by a judicious bribery of nuts and almonds, and the two were now great friends.

They had many quaint jokes, which afforded them much amusement. Seated in front of him, looking down on his gigantic frame in all her tiny dignity, Mini would ripple her face with laughter, and begin: "O Cabuliwallah, Cabuliwallah, what have you got in your bag?"

And he would reply, in the nasal accents of the mountaineer: "An elephant!" Not much cause for merriment, perhaps; but how they both enjoyed the witticism! And for me, this child's talk with a grown-up man had always in it something strangely fascinating.

Then the Cabuliwallah, not to be behindhand, would take his turn: "Well, little one, and when are you going to the father-in-law's house?"

Now most small Bengali maidens have heard long ago about the father-in-law's house; but we, being a little new-fangled, had kept these things from our child, and Mini at this question must have been a trifle bewildered. But she would not show it, and with ready tact replied: "Are you going there?"

Amongst men of the Cabuliwallah's class, however, it is well known that the words father-in-law's house have a double meaning. It is a euphemism for jail, the place where we are well cared for, at no expense to ourselves. In this sense would the sturdy pedlar take my daughter's question. "Ah," he would say, shaking his fist at an invisible policeman, "I will thrash my father-in-law!" Hearing this, and picturing the poor discomfited relative, Mini would go off into peals of laughter, in which her formidable friend would join.

These were autumn mornings, the very time of year when kings of old went forth to conquest; and I, never stirring from my little corner in Calcutta, would let my mind wander over the whole world. At the very name of another country, my heart would go out to it, and at the sight of a foreigner in the streets, I would fall to weaving a network of dreams,—the mountains, the glens, and the forests of his distant home, with his cottage in its setting, and the free and independent life of far-away wilds. Perhaps the scenes of travel conjure themselves up before me, and pass and repass in my imagination all the more vividly, because I lead such a vegetable existence, that a call to travel would fall upon me like a thunderbolt. In the presence of this Cabuliwallah, I was immediately transported to the foot of arid mountain peaks, with narrow little defiles twisting in and out amongst their towering heights.

Mini's mother is unfortunately a very timid lady. Whenever she hears a noise in the street, or sees people coming towards the house, she always jumps to the conclusion that they are either thieves, or drunkards, or snakes, or tigers, or malaria or cockroaches, or caterpillars, or an English sailor. Even after all these years of experience, she is not able to overcome her terror. So she was full of doubts about the Cabuliwallah, and used to beg me to keep a watchful eye on him.

I tried to laugh her fear gently away, but then she would turn round on me seriously, and ask me solemn questions.

Were children never kidnapped?

Was it, then, not true that there was slavery in Cabul?

Was it so very absurd that this big man should be able to carry off a tiny child?

I urged that, though not impossible, it was highly improbable. But this was not enough, and her dread persisted. As it was indefinite, however, it did not seem right to forbid the man the house, and the intimacy went on unchecked.

Once a year in the middle of January Rahmun, the Cabuliwallah, was in the habit of returning to his country, and as the time approached he would be very busy, going from house to house collecting his debts. This year, however, he could always find time to come and see Mini. It would have seemed to an outsider that there was some conspiracy between the two, for when he could not come in the morning, he would appear in the evening.

Even to me it was a little startling now and then, in the corner of a dark room, suddenly to surprise this tall, loose-garmented, much bebagged man; but when Mini would run in smiling, with her, "O! Cabuliwallah! Cabuliwallah!" and the two friends, so far apart in age, would subside into their old laughter and their old jokes, I felt reassured.

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. What are the two jokes that Mini and Rahmun share, and what does 'the father-in-law's house' mean to each of them?

2. Why does the mother distrust the pedlar, and why does the father let the friendship go on?

1. 'What have you got in your bag?' — 'An elephant!'; and 'When are you going to the father-in-law's house?' To Mini it is a puzzling question about marriage; to Rahmun and his people it is a euphemism for prison.

2. She fears kidnapping and slavery in Kabul — she is timid about everything. The father thinks it 'highly improbable' and, since the fear is indefinite, sees no right to forbid the man the house.

Discuss:
  • The father dreams of mountains and camels whenever he sees a foreigner; the mother sees thieves and tigers. Which of them is closer to how most people react to strangers?

Part 3 — Eight years

One morning, a few days before he had made up his mind to go, I was correcting my proof sheets in my study. All at once, I heard an uproar in the street, and, looking out, saw Rahmun being led away bound between two policemen, and behind them a crowd of curious boys. There were blood-stains on the clothes of the Cabuliwallah, and one of the policemen carried a knife. Hurrying out, I stopped them, and enquired what it all meant. Partly from one, partly from another, I gathered that a certain neighbour had owed the pedlar something for a Rampuri shawl, but had falsely denied having bought it, and that in the course of the quarrel, Rahmun had struck him. Now in the heat of his excitement, the prisoner began calling his enemy all sorts of names, when suddenly in a verandah of my house appeared my little Mini, with her usual exclamation: "O Cabuliwallah! Cabuliwallah!" Rahmun's face lighted up as he turned to her. He had no bag under his arm today, so she could not discuss the elephant with him. She at once therefore proceeded to the next question: "Are you going to the father-in-law's house?" Rahmun laughed and said: "Just where I am going, little one!" Then seeing that the reply did not amuse the child, he held up his fettered hands. "Ah," he said, "I would have thrashed that old father-in-law, but my hands are bound!"

On a charge of murderous assault, Rahmun was sentenced to some years' imprisonment.

Time passed away, and he was not remembered. The accustomed work in the accustomed place was ours, and the thought of the once-free mountaineer spending his years in prison seldom or never occurred to us. Even my light-hearted Mini, I am ashamed to say, forgot her old friend. New companions filled her life. As she grew older, she spent more of her time with girls. So much time indeed did she spend with them that she came no more, as she used to do, to her father's room. I was scarcely on speaking terms with her.

Years had passed away. It was once more autumn and we had made arrangements for our Mini's marriage. It was to take place during the Puja Holidays. With Durga returning to Kailas, the light of our home also was to depart to her husband's house, and leave her father's in the shadow.

The morning was bright. After the rains, there was a sense of ablution in the air, and the sun-rays looked like pure gold. So bright were they that they gave a beautiful radiance even to the sordid brick walls of our Calcutta lanes. Since early dawn to-day the wedding-pipes had been sounding, and at each beat my own heart throbbed. The wail of the tune, Bhairavi, seemed to intensify my pain at the approaching separation. My Mini was to be married to-night.

I was sitting in my study, looking through the accounts, when some one entered, saluting respectfully, and stood before me. It was Rahmun the Cabuliwallah. At first I did not recognise him. He had no bag, nor the long hair, nor the same vigour that he used to have. But he smiled, and I knew him again.

"When did you come, Rahmun?" I asked him.

"Last evening," he said, "I was released from jail."

The words struck harsh upon my ears. I had never before talked with one who had wounded his fellow, and my heart shrank within itself, when I realised this, for I felt that the day would have been better-omened had he not turned up.

"There are ceremonies going on," I said, "and I am busy. Could you perhaps come another day?"

At once he turned to go; but as he reached the door he hesitated, and said: "May I not see the little one, sir, for a moment?" It was his belief that Mini was still the same. He had pictured her running to him as she used, calling "O Cabuliwallah! Cabuliwallah!" He had imagined too that they would laugh and talk together, just as of old. In fact, in memory of former days he had brought, carefully wrapped up in paper, a few almonds and raisins and grapes, obtained somehow from a countryman, for his own little fund was dispersed.

I said again: "There is a ceremony in the house, and you will not be able to see any one to-day."

The man's face fell. He looked wistfully at me for a moment, said "Good morning," and went out. I felt a little sorry, and would have called him back, but I found he was returning of his own accord. He came close up to me holding out his offerings and said: "I brought these few things, sir, for the little one. Will you give them to her?"

I took them and was going to pay him, but he caught my hand and said: "You are very kind, sir! Keep me in your recollection. Do not offer me money!—You have a little girl, I too have one like her in my own home. I think of her, and bring fruits to your child, not to make a profit for myself."

Saying this, he put his hand inside his big loose robe, and brought out a small and dirty piece of paper. With great care he unfolded this, and smoothed it out with both hands on my table. It bore the impression of a little band. Not a photograph. Not a drawing. The impression of an ink-smeared hand laid flat on the paper. This touch of his own little daughter had been always on his heart, as he had come year after year to Calcutta, to sell his wares in the streets.

Tears came to my eyes. I forgot that he was a poor Cabuli fruit-seller, while I was—but no, what was I more than he? He also was a father. That impression of the hand of his little Parbati in her distant mountain home reminded me of my own little Mini.

I sent for Mini immediately from the inner apartment. Many difficulties were raised, but I would not listen. Clad in the red silk of her wedding-day, with the sandal paste on her forehead, and adorned as a young bride, Mini came, and stood bashfully before me.

The Cabuliwallah looked a little staggered at the apparition. He could not revive their old friendship. At last he smiled and said: "Little one, are you going to your father-in-law's house?"

But Mini now understood the meaning of the word "father-in-law," and she could not reply to him as of old. She flushed up at the question, and stood before him with her bride-like face turned down.

I remembered the day when the Cabuliwallah and my Mini had first met, and I felt sad. When she had gone, Rahmun heaved a deep sigh, and sat down on the floor. The idea had suddenly come to him that his daughter too must have grown in this long time, and that he would have to make friends with her anew. Assuredly he would not find her, as he used to know her. And besides, what might not have happened to her in these eight years?

The marriage-pipes sounded, and the mild autumn sun streamed round us. But Rahmun sat in the little Calcutta lane, and saw before him the barren mountains of Afghanistan.

I took out a bank-note, and gave it to him, saying: "Go back to your own daughter, Rahmun, in your own country, and may the happiness of your meeting bring good fortune to my child!"

Having made this present, I had to curtail some of the festivities. I could not have the electric lights I had intended, nor the military band, and the ladies of the house were despondent at it. But to me the wedding feast was all the brighter for the thought that in a distant land a long-lost father met again with his only child.

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. Why is Rahmun arrested, and what is the last thing he says to Mini before prison?

2. What is on the piece of paper, and what does it change?

1. A neighbour refuses to pay for a shawl, they quarrel, and Rahmun strikes him. Holding up his bound hands he tells Mini he would have thrashed the 'father-in-law' but his hands are tied — and that prison is 'just where I am going'.

2. The ink-print of his own small daughter's hand, carried against his heart for years. It makes the father see that Rahmun is a father too — 'what was I more than he?' — and he sends for Mini, and then gives Rahmun money to go home.

Discuss:
  • The father pays for Rahmun's journey by cancelling the lights and the band at his daughter's wedding. Was that generosity, guilt, or something else?

The grammar this story runs on: how things used to be

This is a story about habits that end. A pedlar used to come every winter; a little girl would run to the window; eight years later nobody is used to him any more. English has three tools here, and learners mix them up constantly.

1. used to + verb — a past habit or state that has now stopped.
• "My grandfather used to smoke a pipe." (habit) • "There used to be a cinema here." (state)
• Negative and question: "He didn't use to like coffee." / "Did you use to play chess?"
2. would + verb — repeated past actions, often in storytelling.
• "Every summer we would drive to the coast and my father would complain about the traffic."
• Only for actions, never for states: ✗ would be tall, ✗ would have a car. If in doubt, used to is always safe.
3. be / get used to + -ing (or a noun) — accustomed to something.
• "She is used to working nights." (it's normal for her now) • "You'll get used to the noise." (become accustomed)
This one is about the present or a process — nothing to do with past habits, despite the spelling.

1. used to, didn't use to, did… use to — and where would fits

Complete each sentence. Where the hint says (would), use would; otherwise use a form of used to.

1. Mini (talk) to the pedlar every morning? — Yes, for weeks.

2. Her mother (not / trust) strangers — and she still doesn't.

3. Rahmun (have) long hair and a bag on his back.

4. Every autumn the Cabuliwallah (return / would) to his mountains.

1. Did … use to talk

2. didn't (did not) use to trust

3. used to have

4. would return

3 is a state (have), so would is impossible there.

2. used to + verb, or be / get used to + -ing?

Follow the hint: (be) or (get) means the accustomed sense with -ing; a bare verb means a past habit.

1. Mini (not / be / see) strangers at the door, so she ran to her mother.

2. Rahmun (sell) fruit in these streets every winter, before prison.

3. In prison he slowly (get / live) without the mountains.

4. "You'll soon (get / her) chatter," the father said.

5. She (be) a talkative child; she is quiet and shy now.

1. wasn't (was not) used to seeing

2. used to sell

3. got used to living

4. get used to her

5. used to be

3. Put it together — eight years in one paragraph

Fill each gap with used to, would or was/were used to and the verb given. Read it aloud when you've finished.

1. When Mini was five she (run) to the window every time she heard his voice, and the two of them (laugh) at the same two jokes for hours. Her father (dream) of mountains whenever the pedlar came; her mother never (get / him). Eight years later, Rahmun was still not (be / think) of Mini as anything but a child — and the child (not / be) a child any more.

1. would run (used to run) · would laugh (used to laugh) · would dream (used to dream) · got used to him · used to thinking · didn't use to be — or, more naturally, was no longer

Where an action repeats in a story, would sounds most natural; used to is never wrong.

In the Speak tab you'll narrate the friendship with would, mark what has ended with used to, and describe what people are and aren't accustomed to with be used to.

Why this story stays with you

Rabindranath Tagore wrote 'The Cabuliwallah' in Bengali in 1892, when Calcutta was the capital of British India and Afghan traders — Kabuliwalas, 'men from Kabul' — walked its streets every winter selling dried fruit and lending money. In 1913 he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize for Literature; this English version appeared in 1916, in a collection Tagore oversaw himself.

The story is told by a comfortable man who thinks he is watching a charming friendship between his daughter and a poor stranger. Only at the very end does he understand what he has been watching: another father, with another daughter, carrying her handprint against his heart for eight years. The whole story turns on one sentence — 'what was I more than he?' — and on what the narrator does next. He sends for Mini, and he gives away the wedding lights. Tagore does not tell us whether that is enough.

Look again at the handprint. 'Not a photograph. Not a drawing.' Why does Tagore insist on this? What can a print of a hand do that a photograph cannot?

Go deeper — talk it through

Discuss:
  • The narrator admits his 'heart shrank' when he learned Rahmun had been in prison, and that he wished the man had not come. How honest is this narrator about himself — and does his honesty make him easier or harder to forgive?
  • Mini, at thirteen, cannot answer the old joke; she blushes and looks down. What has she lost, and what has she gained? Is growing up always a kind of forgetting?
  • The story is called 'The Cabuliwallah', but it is really about the narrator. Or is it about the mother, whose fears turn out to be half right — Rahmun did have a knife? Who is the story about?
  • Two fathers, one rich, one poor, one Bengali, one Afghan. Tagore was writing under an empire that divided people by race and rank. What is the story quietly arguing?

Speak

This is the heart of the lesson — do all three out loud. The timer is there to keep you going: fill the time with detail rather than escaping it.

Useful language: Tell the habit years with would and used to: "Every morning he would…", "She used to run to the window…", "They didn't use to…"; the change with be / get used to: "He wasn't used to seeing her as…". For opinions: "What's striking is…", "You could argue that…", "On one level… but on another…".
Time remaining: 4:00
Task A · Tell the whole story (4 minutes)

Tell 'The Cabuliwallah' to someone who has never read it. Move through the arc: the man at the window → the friendship and the two jokes → the mother's fears → the arrest → eight years later, the wedding morning → the handprint → the money and the cancelled band.

Use used to, would and be used to deliberately, and at least five key words (pedlar, timid, wistfully, curtail, vexed, precarious, judicious, euphemism, staggered, bashfully).

Task B · 'What was I more than he?' (4 minutes)

The narrator decides that he and the Afghan pedlar are equals — as fathers. Then he gives him a banknote and sends him away. Build an argument: does the ending show real equality, or does it show a rich man buying back his good opinion of himself? Then argue the other side for one minute.

Task C · Someone who came back (4 minutes)

Tell a story — real, famous or invented — about someone who returns after years away and finds that everything they knew has changed. Use used to and would for how things were, and be / get used to for what they now have to accept.

Stuck for an idea? Pick one of these and run with it:

  • A migrant worker who comes home after a decade and meets children who barely remember him.
  • A prisoner released after a long sentence, standing outside a house that used to be his.
  • A soldier back from a war that the people at home have already stopped talking about.
  • Rip Van Winkle, who sleeps for twenty years and wakes into a different country.
  • A childhood friend you meet again as an adult — and the jokes that no longer work.
  • A teacher who taught you when you were small, met years later in the street.

To finish — the bigger questions

  1. The mother's fears were 'highly improbable' — and Rahmun did turn out to carry a knife. Were her fears foolish, or was the father naïve?
  2. Is a friendship between a five-year-old and a grown stranger something to encourage or to worry about — in 1892, and now?
  3. The narrator gives up the electric lights and the band. What would you have given up — and would you have sent for Mini?
  4. Before you go — from memory: one sentence with used to, one with would, one with be used to — and tell me which of the three can't be used for a state like have or be.