SHORT STORIES, LONG SHADOWS · A2/B1 · 50 min

Yuki-Onna

A Japanese ghost story by Lafcadio Hearn (1904) — a woman made of snow, and a promise.

Today: you'll tell a Japanese ghost story about a snow woman and a promise, and use the past continuous to describe the weather and what was happening in the background.
Before we read:
  • What is the coldest weather you have ever been in? What did you do?
  • Do you know a ghost story from your country? Tell it in three sentences.
  • Is it ever OK to break a promise?

Key words — think first, then check

Before we read, let's learn the words you'll need. Think first — then click Reveal to check.

A. Guess from the sentence

Read the sentence. What does the bold word mean? Then reveal.

1. A woodcutter works in the forest all day. He cuts trees and carries the wood home to sell.
a woodcutter (n) — a person whose job is cutting down trees for wood.
2. It was a terrible storm. The wind was very strong, snow was falling, and nobody could see the road.
a storm (n) — very bad weather with strong wind and rain or snow.
3. The hut was very small — one room, one door, no window, and no fire.
a hut (n) — a very small, simple building, often made of wood.
4. When it is very cold, you can see your breath in the air like white smoke.
breath (n) — the air that goes in and out of your body when you breathe.

B. Which word is it?

Read the meaning. Say the word. The first letter helps you.

5. Something you say you will do, or will never do — and you must keep it. It begins with p.
a promise (n) / to promise (v). He promised to say nothing.
6. Something you must not tell anyone. It begins with s.
a secret (n). Can you keep a secret?
7. Very, very cold — turned to ice. It begins with f.
frozen (adj). The river was frozen. His hands were frozen.

C. Choose the meaning

Read the sentence and choose a, b or c. Then reveal.

8. She was sewing by the light of a paper lamp. — a lamp is: (a) a window (b) a light you can carry or put on a table (c) a kind of chair
(b) — a lamp (n) is a light you can carry or put on a table.
9. In the morning there was thick mist over the river and we could not see the other side. — mist is: (a) a thin cloud near the ground (b) heavy rain (c) very strong wind
(a) — mist (n) is a thin white cloud near the ground; you cannot see through it well.
10. The snow will melt when the sun comes out. — to melt is: (a) to become harder (b) to fall from the sky (c) to change from ice or snow into water
(c) — to melt (v) is to change from ice or snow into water, or to disappear like that.

Now use them — out loud

Talk it through before we read:
  • Make one sentence with storm and hut, and one with promise and secret.
  • Look at the ten words. What kind of story do you think this is? Happy, sad, frightening?

The story, in three parts

This is an old Japanese ghost story, told here in simple English. Read each part, then try the questions from memory.

Part 1 — The storm

Long ago, in a village in Japan, there were two woodcutters. Mosaku was an old man. Minokichi was his helper, a boy of eighteen. Every day they walked to the forest together, cut wood, and walked home.

One evening, they were walking home when a great snowstorm came. The wind was blowing hard and the snow was falling fast. They came to the river, but the boat was on the other side. So they went into the boatman's little hut. It was very small. There was no fire and no window. They closed the door and lay down under their coats.

The old man fell asleep at once. Minokichi lay awake. The wind was screaming and the snow was hitting the door. The hut was shaking. He was very cold. At last, he fell asleep too.

Snow on his face woke him. The door was open. A woman was standing in the hut — a woman all in white. She was bending over the old man and blowing her breath on him. Her breath was like white smoke. Then she turned to Minokichi. He tried to shout, but no sound came. She looked at his face for a long time. Then she smiled and whispered:

"I wanted to do to you what I did to the old man. But you are so young. You are a pretty boy, Minokichi, and I will not hurt you now. But if you ever tell anybody — even your mother — what you saw tonight, I will know it. And then I will kill you. Remember!"

She went out into the snow. Minokichi jumped up and closed the door. Was it a dream? He called to Mosaku. The old man did not answer. Minokichi touched his face. It was ice. Mosaku was dead.

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. Why did the two men go into the hut?

2. What did the woman in white promise, and what did she say Minokichi must do?

1. A snowstorm came, and the boat was on the other side of the river. The hut was the only shelter.

2. She promised not to hurt him because he was young. But he must never tell anybody what he saw — if he does, she will kill him.

Discuss:
  • The woman kills the old man but not the boy. Why do you think she does that?

Part 2 — The girl on the road

In the morning the storm was over. The boatman found Minokichi lying in the snow next to the frozen body of Mosaku. Minokichi was ill for a long time. He said nothing about the woman in white. When he was well again, he went back to the forest, alone, every day.

One evening, in the winter of the next year, he was walking home when he met a girl on the road. She was tall and very beautiful, and her voice was like a bird singing. They walked together and talked. Her name was O-Yuki. Her parents were dead, and she was going to the city to find work.

Minokichi liked her more and more. He asked her: "Are you going to marry someone?" She laughed and said no. She asked him the same question. He said no, too.

When they came to the village, Minokichi asked her to rest at his house. His mother liked O-Yuki at once. She gave her a warm meal and asked her to stay. O-Yuki never went to the city. She stayed, and she became Minokichi's wife.

O-Yuki was a very good wife. When Minokichi's mother died, five years later, her last words were kind words about O-Yuki. O-Yuki had ten children, and all of them had very white skin. The people in the village thought she was strange. Most women get old early in a hard life — but O-Yuki, after ten children, looked as young as on the first day.

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. Where did O-Yuki say she was going, and why?

2. What was strange about O-Yuki, according to the people in the village?

1. To the city, to find work. Her parents were dead.

2. She never looked older. After ten children she looked as young as on the first day. And all her children had very white skin.

Discuss:
  • Do you think O-Yuki is the woman from the hut? What tells you? Do you think Minokichi knows?

Part 3 — The lamp

One night, the children were sleeping. O-Yuki was sewing by the light of a paper lamp. Minokichi was watching her. He said:

"When I see you sewing there, with the light on your face, I remember something strange. When I was eighteen, I saw somebody as beautiful and as white as you. She looked very like you."

O-Yuki did not look up from her sewing. "Tell me about her. Where did you see her?"

So Minokichi told her everything: the storm, the hut, the woman in white, the death of old Mosaku. "I was afraid of her," he said. "But she was so beautiful. I never knew if it was a dream, or the Woman of the Snow."

O-Yuki threw down her sewing and stood up. She bent over him and screamed into his face:

"It was I! It was I! And I told you I would kill you if you ever said one word about it! But the children are sleeping there. If they were not, I would kill you now. Take good care of them. If they are ever unhappy because of you, I will come back — and you know what I will do."

Her voice became thin, like the wind. Then she melted into a bright white mist. The mist went up to the roof and out through the hole for the smoke. Nobody ever saw her again.

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. Why did Minokichi start to talk about the woman in the hut?

2. Why did O-Yuki not kill Minokichi?

1. The lamp-light on O-Yuki's face reminded him of the beautiful white woman — she looked so like her.

2. Because the children were sleeping in the room. She told him to take good care of them, then she turned into mist and disappeared.

Discuss:
  • Did Minokichi break his promise? He told nobody — except her. What do you think?

The grammar this story runs on: the past continuous

A ghost story needs weather and atmosphere in the background. For that, English uses the past continuous: was / were + verb-ing. The main events stay in the past simple.

Background and weather: was / were + -ing.
• "The rain was falling and the wind was blowing."
• "The children were sleeping."
Use it for things that were in progress — the situation around the story.
Event inside the background: past simple.
• "We were driving home when the car stopped."
• "While she was cooking, the phone rang."
The long action = past continuous. The short, sudden action = past simple.
Form: I / he / she / it was + -ing · you / we / they were + -ing · negative: wasn't / weren't + -ing · question: Was it snowing? Were they sleeping?

1. The weather — was or were?

Complete with was or were + the -ing form.

1. The snow (fall) fast and the two men could not see the road.

2. The wind (blow) so hard that the hut (shake).

3. The men (sleep) under their coats when the door opened.

4. It (not / rain) — it (snow).

1. was falling

2. was blowing / was shaking

3. were sleeping

4. wasn't (was not) raining / was snowing

2. Background and event — past continuous or past simple?

One verb is the long background, one is the short event. Choose the right form for each.

1. Minokichi (walk) home when he (meet) a girl on the road.

2. While the children (sleep), O-Yuki (sew) by the lamp.

3. She (not / look) up when he (start) to talk.

4. The old man (die) while the boy (sleep).

1. was walking / met

2. were sleeping / was sewing

3. didn't (did not) look / started

4. died / was sleeping

In 2, both actions are long, so both are past continuous.

3. Make the questions

Write the past continuous question for each answer.

1. (it / snow) that night? — Yes, it was.

2. What (the old man / do) when the woman came in? — He was sleeping.

3. (the children / sleep) when she disappeared? — Yes, they were.

4. Where (Minokichi / go) when he met O-Yuki? — He was going home.

1. Was it snowing

2. was the old man doing

3. Were the children sleeping

4. was Minokichi going

In the Speak tab, start every scene with the weather or the background in the past continuous — then let the events happen in the past simple.

Why people still tell this story

Lafcadio Hearn was a writer from Ireland and Greece who went to live in Japan in 1890. He loved Japanese ghost stories, and he wrote them down in English. He said a farmer told him this one. It was published in 1904, the year Hearn died.

The story is frightening, but it is also sad. The snow woman is a monster — but she keeps her promise. The man is kind and human — but he breaks his. And at the end, she does not kill him. She is stopped by love for her children. Who is the real monster?

Look at the ending. Hearn does not say the snow woman died. She 'melted into a bright white mist'. Where do you think she went?

Go deeper — talk it through

Discuss:
  • Is this a horror story, a love story, or a story about marriage? Why?
  • The snow woman says: 'If you ever tell anybody, I will kill you.' At the end she says: 'Take good care of the children.' How has she changed?
  • Minokichi says he never knew if it was a dream. Is that a good excuse?
  • Why do you think people in a village told this story? To frighten children? To explain the cold? Something else?

Speak

This is the heart of the lesson — do all three out loud. The timer helps you keep going: fill the time with details.

Useful language: Start each scene with the background: "It was snowing. The wind was blowing. The old man was sleeping…" Then the events: "The door opened. A woman came in." For opinions: "I think…", "In my opinion…", "The strange thing is…".
Time remaining: 4:00
Task A · Tell the story (4 minutes)

Tell the story of Yuki-Onna to someone who does not know it: the storm and the hut → the woman in white → the girl on the road → ten children → the lamp and the mist.

Use the past continuous for the weather and the background, and at least five key words (woodcutter, storm, hut, breath, promise, secret, frozen, lamp, mist, melt).

Task B · Was he wrong? (3 minutes)

Minokichi told his wife the secret because she was so beautiful in the lamp-light. Was he wrong? Was she right to leave? Give your opinion and two reasons. Then give the opposite opinion for one minute.

Task C · A frightening night (4 minutes)

Describe a frightening or strange night. Start with the weather and the background in the past continuous, then say what happened.

Not sure what to talk about? Choose one:

  • A night in a storm — at home, in a tent, or on a journey.
  • A famous ghost story from your country, told in your own words.
  • A night when the power went off and everything was dark.
  • A scene from a film or book where the weather is important.
  • The night before a big exam or a big journey — what were you doing, what happened?
  • A story you invent: two travellers, one hut, one strange visitor.

To finish — the bigger questions

  1. The snow woman does not kill Minokichi — because of the children. Is she kinder than a human would be?
  2. Would the story be better if she killed him? Why or why not?
  3. Are there things a husband and wife should never say to each other?
  4. Before you go — from memory: make three sentences about the weather in the story with was / were + -ing.