A History of Western Philosophy

Fifty lessons from Thales to the present day — each one a location in your memory palace, each idea a vivid image you will never forget

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The unexamined life is not worth living. — Socrates, in Plato's Apology, 38a

Your Philosophy Memory Palace — 50 Locations

Choose your own fifty places. Each number links to its lesson.

2,600 Years of Western Thought

Pre-Socratics
Classical Athens
Hellenistic
Late Antiquity
Medieval
Renaissance
Early Modern
Enlightenment
19th Century
Modern

c. 624 BC — Thales  •  470 BC — Socrates  •  341 BC — Epicurus  •  c. 4 BC — Jesus  •  1225 — Aquinas  •  1596 — Descartes  •  1724 — Kant  •  1889 — Wittgenstein  •  Present

The Fifty Lessons

I. The Pre-Socratics — The Birth of Philosophy
Location 1
Lesson I

The Birth of Wonder

Thales & the Milesians — c. 624–546 BC
Location 2
Lesson II

Everything Flows

Heraclitus — c. 535–475 BC
Location 3
Lesson III

The Way of Truth

Parmenides — c. 515–450 BC
Location 4
Lesson IV

Atoms in the Void

Democritus — c. 460–370 BC
II. Classical Athens — The Golden Age
Location 5
Lesson V

The Myth Sellers

The Sophists — 5th century BC
Location 6
Lesson VI

The Gadfly of Athens

Socrates — 470–399 BC
Location 7
Lesson VII

The Last Day

The Death of Socrates — 399 BC
Location 8
Lesson VIII

The World of Forms

Plato: Metaphysics — c. 428–348 BC
Location 9
Lesson IX

The Just City

Plato: The Republic
Location 10
Lesson X

Shadows on the Wall

Plato: The Cave & Legacy
III. Aristotle & the Hellenistic Schools
Location 11
Lesson XI

The Master of Logic

Aristotle: Logic — 384–322 BC
Location 12
Lesson XII

The Golden Mean

Aristotle: Ethics
Location 13
Lesson XIII

The Unmoved Mover

Aristotle: Metaphysics
Location 14
Lesson XIV

The Dog Philosopher

Diogenes & the Cynics — c. 412–323 BC
Location 15
Lesson XV

The Garden

Epicurus: Life & Tetrapharmakos — 341–270 BC
Location 16
Lesson XVI

The Fourfold Cure

Epicurus: Pleasure, Friendship & Ataraxia
Location 17
Lesson XVII

The Painted Porch

Zeno & the Stoics — c. 334–262 BC
Location 18
Lesson XVIII

The Inner Citadel

Seneca, Epictetus & Marcus Aurelius
Location 19
Lesson XIX

The Suspension of Judgement

Pyrrho & the Sceptics — c. 365–275 BC
Location 20
Lesson XX

The One

Plotinus & Neoplatonism — 204–270 AD
IV. Faith & Reason — The Medieval World
Location 21
Lesson XXI

The Teacher from Nazareth

The Philosophy of Jesus — c. 4 BC–30 AD
Location 22
Lesson XXII

The Restless Heart

Augustine: Confessions — 354–430 AD
Location 23
Lesson XXIII

Two Cities

Augustine: City of God
Location 24
Lesson XXIV

The Consolation

Boethius — c. 477–524 AD
Location 25
Lesson XXV

The House of Wisdom

Al-Kindi & Al-Farabi — 9th–10th century
Location 26
Lesson XXVI

The Flying Man

Avicenna — 980–1037
Location 27
Lesson XXVII

The Decisive Treatise

Averroes — 1126–1198
Location 28
Lesson XXVIII

The Proof

Anselm & the Ontological Argument — 1033–1109
Location 29
Lesson XXIX

The Angelic Doctor

Thomas Aquinas — 1225–1274
Location 30
Lesson XXX

The Razor

William of Ockham — c. 1287–1347
V. The Modern Turn — Renaissance to Enlightenment
Location 31
Lesson XXXI

The Renaissance Mind

Machiavelli, Erasmus & Montaigne — 15th–16th century
Location 32
Lesson XXXII

I Think, Therefore…

Descartes — 1596–1650
Location 33
Lesson XXXIII

The Leviathan

Hobbes — 1588–1679
Location 34
Lesson XXXIV

God or Nature

Spinoza — 1632–1677
Location 35
Lesson XXXV

The Blank Slate

Locke — 1632–1704
Location 36
Lesson XXXVI

The Best of All Possible Worlds

Leibniz — 1646–1716
Location 37
Lesson XXXVII

The Gentle Sceptic

Hume — 1711–1776
Location 38
Lesson XXXVIII

The Social Contract

Rousseau — 1712–1778
Location 39
Lesson XXXIX

The Starry Heavens Above

Kant: Epistemology — 1724–1804
Location 40
Lesson XL

The Moral Law Within

Kant: Ethics
VI. The Long Nineteenth Century
Location 41
Lesson XLI

The World Spirit

Hegel — 1770–1831
Location 42
Lesson XLII

The World as Will

Schopenhauer — 1788–1860
Location 43
Lesson XLIII

The Spectre

Marx — 1818–1883
Location 44
Lesson XLIV

The Leap

Kierkegaard — 1813–1855
Location 45
Lesson XLV

The Abyss

Nietzsche — 1844–1900
VII. The Twentieth Century & Beyond
Location 46
Lesson XLVI

The Will to Believe

William James & Pragmatism — 1842–1910
Location 47
Lesson XLVII

Condemned to Be Free

Existentialism: Heidegger, Sartre & Camus
Location 48
Lesson XLVIII

The Limits of Language

Wittgenstein — 1889–1951
Location 49
Lesson XLIX

The Garden and the Kingdom

Epicurus & Jesus in Dialogue
Location 50
Lesson L

The Purest Way to See

Synthesis — The Story Complete
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150 Key Dates Across 50 Locations — A Selection

c. 624 BCThales born
c. 535 BCHeraclitus born
c. 515 BCParmenides born
c. 460 BCDemocritus born
470 BCSocrates born
399 BCSocrates dies
428 BCPlato born
387 BCAcademy founded
384 BCAristotle born
335 BCLyceum founded
341 BCEpicurus born
306 BCThe Garden opens
334 BCZeno born
204 ADPlotinus born
c. 4 BCJesus born
c. 30 ADCrucifixion
354Augustine born
524Boethius dies
980Avicenna born
1126Averroes born
1225Aquinas born
1469Machiavelli born
1596Descartes born
1632Spinoza born
1711Hume born
1724Kant born
1770Hegel born
1818Marx born
1844Nietzsche born
1889Wittgenstein born

How This Course Works

Each lesson follows a seven-part structure: Review (what you remember from earlier lessons) → The Story (the philosopher's life and world, told as narrative) → The Ideas (the philosophy itself, with original texts) → Key Dates (encode with the PAO system) → Memory Palace (place five vivid images at your chosen location) → Your Turn (reflect and discuss) → Final Review (lock it in).

Content returns at +3, +7, and +14 lesson intervals through spaced repetition in the Review tabs. By the end, you will have 250 palace images and 150 encoded dates — and the whole sweep of Western thought living in your memory.

Your Memory Palace, Your Choice

This course does not prescribe a single building or route. You choose fifty locations from your own life — rooms in your home, stops on a familiar walk, places you know by heart. Each lesson gives you five vivid, bizarre, sensory-rich images to place at your chosen location. The stranger the image, the stronger the memory. By the end, your personal palace holds 2,600 years of philosophy.

Two Questions, One Story

Every philosopher in this course is trying to answer one or both of two questions: What is the world made of? and How should we live? Watch how each thinker wrestles with these questions — and notice what each one leaves unresolved. The answers build on one another, and the story has a shape that only becomes clear at the end.

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Wonder is the beginning of wisdom. — Socrates