SHORT STORIES, LONG SHADOWS · B2/C1 · 50 min

The Garden Party

Katherine Mansfield's story of a perfect summer party, a black hat with gold daisies, and the morning a girl stops seeing the world the way her family does.

Today: you'll tell the story of a girl who wants to stop a party her family refuses to stop — and you'll take control of the language of duty and second thoughts: have to, must, ought to, should have, shouldn't have.
Warm up — before we read. Talk these through out loud. There are no wrong answers — the point is to start thinking about the ideas the story plays with.
Discuss:
  • Something sad happens in your street on the morning of a party you've planned for weeks. Do you cancel it? Who decides — and does the answer change if it's a stranger?
  • When was the last time you disagreed with your whole family about what was the right thing to do? How did that conversation end?
  • Is it possible to enjoy something and feel guilty about enjoying it at the same time?

Now — the words for today's story

Ten words unlock the story. Work through the four short activities — say your answer out loud before you reveal it.

A · What do they mean here? Work it out from the sentence

1. Since early morning the men had been in the garden with poles and rolls of canvas, and by lunchtime the marquee stood on the lawn, big enough for two hundred guests to eat in out of the sun.
a marquee (n) — a very large tent put up outdoors for a party, wedding or event.
2. Fifteen trays of sandwiches, cream puffs by the hundred, a band on the lawn and lilies delivered by the crate: it was the most lavish party the family had ever given.
lavish (adj) — very generous and expensive, on a large scale. Also a verb: to lavish attention on someone.
3. The cottages stood just below the big house, down a narrow lane where the chimneys smoked and the children played in the road.
a lane (n) — a narrow road or small street, usually in the country or between houses.

B · Which word means…?

Three words from the story: stammer · widow · fuss. Match each definition to the right word — out loud, then reveal.

1. Which word means a woman whose husband has died?
a widow (n) — "He left a widow and five little children." (A man in the same position is a widower.)
2. Which word means noisy worry and activity about something small?
a fuss (n) / to fuss (v) — "Don't make such a fuss about a hat." · "She fussed over the flowers all morning."
3. Which word means to speak in a broken, hesitating way because you are nervous or upset?
to stammer (v) — "'Forgive my hat,' she stammered." The words come out in pieces.

C · Choose the meaning — a / b / c

1. "Don't be so absurd, Laura. Of course we can't stop the band." Absurd means…
  (a) unkind   (b) completely unreasonable, almost laughable   (c) slow to understand
(b) — absurd = so unreasonable that it seems ridiculous. Note the useful phrase: "Don't be absurd."
2. "You're being callous," Laura thought, watching her sister count the sandwiches while a man lay dead at the bottom of the hill. Callous means…
  (a) feeling nothing at all for other people's suffering   (b) confused about the facts   (c) extremely polite
(a) — callous (adj) = hard, unfeeling towards others' pain. Noun: callousness.

D · Word building & collocations

1. A person who says exactly the wrong thing at a funeral has no tact. What adjective describes that person — and what adjective describes someone who always knows what not to say?
tactless ↔ tactful. Adverbs: tactlessly / tactfully. Laura's family are perfectly polite and completely tactless — the story turns on the difference.
2. One verb completes all three: to ___ off a party · to ___ off the wedding · to ___ off the search. And the opposite phrase: to go ___ with it anyway.
call off = cancel something already arranged. Opposite: go ahead with it. Laura begs them to call the party off; the family goes ahead with it.

Now use them — out loud

Talk it through before we read:
  • Using marquee, lane, call off and callous, predict: what do you think goes wrong at this party?
  • Which of today's words belong to the world of the big house, and which belong to the world of the lane? Sort them out loud.

The story, in three parts

Read each part. After it, there's a quick comprehension check (try the questions from memory first), then one thing to discuss.

Part 1 — A perfect day for a garden party

And after all the weather was ideal. They could not have had a more perfect day for a garden party if they had ordered it. Windless, warm, the sky without a cloud; only a haze of gold over the blue, as there is sometimes in early summer. The gardener had been up since dawn, mowing the lawns and sweeping them until the grass seemed to shine. As for the roses, they had come out in hundreds overnight, as if they understood that roses are the only flowers that impress people at garden parties.

Breakfast was not over before the men came to put up the marquee. "Where do you want it, miss?" Laura, still holding a piece of bread and butter, was sent out to decide, because she was the artistic one. She felt shy about her bread and butter, and tried to look severe like her mother, but it was no use — she liked these workmen enormously. How very nice they were, and how beautifully they smiled. One of them bent down and pinched a sprig of lavender and held it to his nose. Why couldn't she have workmen for friends rather than the silly boys she danced with on Sunday nights? It's all the fault, she decided, of these absurd class distinctions. And she took a big bite of her bread and butter as she stared at the little drawing, feeling just like a work-girl.

Inside, the house was in an uproar of happy fuss. The florist's man arrived with trays of pink lilies — "enough for a wedding," said her mother, "I ordered them all." Jose the butterfly tried the piano and sang "This Life is Wee-ary" with a brilliant, dreadfully sad smile that turned to a beaming one the moment the song was finished. Sandwiches were counted, cream puffs came from the baker's, and the sun poured through the open doors. Laura thought that a day like this only happens once or twice in a life, and that she was extraordinarily lucky to be alive in the middle of it.

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. Why is Laura the one sent out to speak to the workmen, and what does she think of them?

2. Name three things that show how lavish this party is going to be.

1. Because she is "the artistic one" in the family. She likes the workmen enormously — they are friendly and notice the lavender — and she decides that class distinctions are absurd and wishes she could have men like them as friends.

2. Any three: the marquee big enough for the whole party, trays of pink lilies "enough for a wedding", cream puffs from the baker's, fifteen trays of sandwiches, a band booked for the lawn, a gardener up since dawn.

Discuss:
  • Laura decides class distinctions are absurd while eating bread and butter and giving orders to men who work for her family. Is she a rebel, or is she playing at being one? What in this scene makes you say so?

Part 2 — The man at the bottom of the lane

Just after lunch the news came in with the tradesman. There had been an accident in the lane below the garden — a carter thrown from his horse at the corner, his head struck, killed instantly. He lived in one of the little cottages just under the Sheridans' hill: a young man, a wife, five children. "But my dear child, use your common sense," said Jose, when Laura said the party must be stopped at once. "We can't possibly cancel a garden party. Nobody expects us to. Don't be so extravagant." "Stop the garden party? My dear Laura, don't be so absurd," said her mother, laughing. "People like that don't expect sacrifices from us. And it's not very sympathetic to spoil everybody's enjoyment as you're doing now."

Laura tried once more — the band, she said, the band would be heard from their gate. And then her mother did something clever. She took the big black hat trimmed with gold daisies and set it on her daughter's head. "My child! The hat is yours. It's made for you. It's much too young for me. I have never seen you look such a picture. Look at yourself!" And she held up her hand-mirror. Laura looked — and there was a charming girl in a black hat with gold daisies and a long black velvet ribbon. Never had she imagined she could look like that. Is mother right? she thought. And now she hoped her mother was right. Am I being extravagant? Perhaps it was extravagant. Just for a moment she had another glimpse of that poor woman and those little children, and the body being carried into the house. But it all seemed blurred, unreal, like a picture in the newspaper. I'll remember it again after the party's over, she decided.

And the party was a triumph. The band played, the guests came in a stream, the lilies were admired, the sandwiches vanished. "Darling Laura, how well you look!" "What a becoming hat, child!" "Laura, you look quite Spanish. I've never seen you look so striking." And Laura, glowing, answered softly, "Have you had tea? Won't you have an ice? The passion-fruit ices really are rather special." She ran to her father, laughing, and everything was gorgeous, and then it was over, and the marquee men were pulling down the poles, and the family sat among the crumbs eating the last sandwiches. That was when her father said, "Terrible affair, that accident. Fellow was married too. Lived just below in the lane. Leaves a wife and half a dozen kids, they say."

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. What two arguments do Jose and her mother use against calling the party off?

2. What does the hat do to Laura's determination — and what does she promise herself?

1. Jose says you simply cannot cancel a garden party and calls Laura extravagant; her mother says "people like that don't expect sacrifices from us" and that Laura is spoiling everyone's enjoyment.

2. Seeing herself in the mirror in the black hat with gold daisies, she begins to hope her mother is right; the dead man and his family go blurred and "unreal, like a picture in the newspaper". She promises herself she will think about it again after the party.

Discuss:
  • Laura's mother does not answer the argument — she hands her daughter a beautiful hat. Why is that more effective than any argument, and have you ever been talked out of something that way?

Part 3 — Down the lane, in her party hat

Then Mrs Sheridan had one of her brilliant ideas. "Laura, take this basket down to that poor creature. All those sandwiches and cakes will only be wasted, and she'll have a wretched week with the funeral. Take it just as you are." Laura hesitated: the basket, the leftovers of a party, carried to a house where a man lay dead? But she was given no time to think, and a minute later she was going down the hill in her party frock and the black hat, past the gate, into the lane where the cottages stood in deep shadow though the sky was still gold. She wished she had put a coat over her dress. How her frock shone. And the big hat with the velvet ribbon — if only it was another hat!

People stood in their doorways and watched her pass; some pointed. It was a mistake to have come, she knew it now; should she turn back? Too late. A woman met her at the gate, smiling strangely: "Are you Mrs Sheridan's daughter? Come in, please, miss." Laura wanted only to leave the basket and go, but she was drawn through the passage into a low kitchen where the dead man's wife sat by the fire, her face swollen and red, her eyes swollen too. She did not seem to understand why Laura was there. "It's all right, my dear," said the other woman. "I'll thank the young lady." And before Laura could stop her, she opened a door and said, "You'd like a look at 'im, wouldn't you?"

Laura was in the room where the young man lay. He was wonderfully, deeply asleep, far from garden parties and baskets and lace frocks. What did marquees and bands matter to him? He was given up to his dream. Happy… happy… All is well, said that sleeping face. This is just as it should be. I am content. But all the same you had to cry, and she couldn't go out of the room without saying something to him. Laura gave a loud childish sob. "Forgive my hat," she stammered. And this time she didn't wait for the woman. She found her way out of the door, down the path, past all those dark people. At the corner of the lane she met her brother Laurie, who had come to find her. "Was it awful?" "No," sobbed Laura. "It was simply marvellous. But Laurie —" She stopped, she looked at her brother. "Isn't life," she stammered, "isn't life —" But what life was she couldn't explain. No matter. He quite understood. "Isn't it, darling?" said Laurie.

Quick check — answer from memory, then reveal:

1. Why does Mrs Sheridan send the basket, and why is Laura uneasy about it?

2. What does Laura say to the dead man, and how does the story end?

1. Because the party food "will only be wasted" and the widow will have a hard week — a generous impulse and a careless one at the same time. Laura is uneasy about carrying a basket of leftovers into a house of death, and about arriving in a party frock and a gold-daisy hat.

2. She sobs and stammers, "Forgive my hat." Outside she meets her brother Laurie and cannot finish the sentence "Isn't life —"; he says "Isn't it, darling?" and understands her without her finishing.

Discuss:
  • Laura calls the visit "simply marvellous". She has just seen a dead stranger and been ashamed of her clothes — so what could she possibly mean by marvellous?

Grammar — obligation & second thoughts: have to, must, ought to, should have

The whole argument in this story is a grammar argument: we must stop the party versus we can't possibly cancel it — and afterwards, the question every reader asks, should they have called it off? Here is the full set.

Obligation now:
• have to — an obligation from outside (rules, circumstances): "I have to wear a uniform at school."
• must — the speaker's own strong feeling: "I must call my grandmother tonight."
• should / ought to — weaker: advice, the right thing: "You ought to apologise to him."
Careful with the negatives: mustn't = it is forbidden ("You mustn't touch it"); don't have to = it isn't necessary ("You don't have to come — it's optional"). Completely different meanings.
Obligation in the past: must has no past — use had to: "We had to walk home because the last bus had gone."

Second thoughts about the past — the important one:
• should have + past participle = the right thing was not done: "I should have taken an umbrella." (I didn't — and I got wet.)
• shouldn't have + past participle = it was done and it was wrong: "She shouldn't have read his messages." (She did.)
• needn't have + past participle = it was done but it wasn't necessary: "You needn't have brought a present."
In speech these squeeze together: should've, shouldn't've, ought to've. Say them fast — that's how they really sound.

1. Choose the right form

Fill each gap so the sentence describes the story correctly. Use one, two or three words.

1. The men put the marquee up early, because two hundred guests were coming at three. (obligation, past)

2. Laura believed the family call the party off — it was, to her, the only decent thing to do. (strong personal obligation, present)

3. Jose insisted that they cancel a garden party over a stranger. (negative: it isn't necessary)

1. had to (must has no past form)

2. must (her own strong conviction — "we must stop it")

3. didn't have to (not "mustn't" — Jose's point is that it isn't necessary, not that it's forbidden)

2. Second thoughts — should have / shouldn't have / needn't have

Complete each sentence with the correct three-word form of the verb in brackets.

1. Laura (give in) so quickly — she knew perfectly well the band would be heard from the lane.

2. Mrs Sheridan (send) a basket of party leftovers to a house in mourning; it was the wrong gift at the wrong moment.

3. Laura apologised for her hat, though of course she (apologise) — the dead man could not see it.

1. shouldn’t have given in (she did give in — and we judge it a mistake)

2. shouldn't have sent (she did send it, and it was insensitive)

3. needn't have apologised (she did apologise, but it wasn't necessary)

3. Retell the argument — complete the paragraph

Fill each gap with the correct word or form, then read the whole paragraph aloud.

When the news reached the house, Laura said the party be stopped immediately. Jose told her not to be absurd: they (not / can) cancel a garden party at two hours' notice. Their mother argued that "people like that" (not / expect) sacrifices from families like theirs. Looking back, many readers feel the Sheridans (silence) the band at least. Laura herself decided she (go) down the lane in a party hat — but by then she was already at the door.

must (or had to) · couldn't · didn't expect · should have silenced · shouldn't have gone

Notice the shape of the last two: should/shouldn't + have + past participle. It is the tense of regret, criticism and hindsight — and it is everywhere in real conversation.

Hold on to these forms — in the Speak tab you'll judge what this family should and shouldn't have done, and then talk about decisions of your own.

Going deeper

Mansfield published this in 1922, the year before she died at thirty-four. Like The Doll's House, it draws on her own girlhood in Wellington, New Zealand, in a big house on a hill with poorer cottages below — a geography the story uses as an argument: the party is literally at the top, the lane literally at the bottom.

The heart of it. Nothing in this story is a villain's story. The Sheridans are charming, generous, funny — and they are separated from the family in the lane by something they can't even see, which is why the mother's kindness (the basket) lands as an insult. Mansfield puts the whole question inside a hat: the moment Laura sees herself looking beautiful, the dead man goes "blurred, unreal, like a picture in the newspaper", and she postpones her conscience until after the party. Then the last part reverses everything. In the room she finds not horror but calm — "This is just as it should be. I am content" — and the strangeness of that peace is what breaks her sentence in half at the end. "Isn't life —" is not a failure of English; it is the point. Some things a fifteen-year-old learns in one afternoon cannot be finished into words, and Mansfield refuses to finish them for her.

Talk it through:
  • The mother wins with a hat, not an argument. What does the story suggest about how beautiful things work on our conscience — and is it different at fifteen than at fifty?
  • "People like that don't expect sacrifices from us." Is the mother being cruel, or repeating something she has never once questioned? Which is worse?
  • Why does Mansfield make the dead man look happy and content? What would change if he looked terrible?
  • The story ends mid-sentence, twice. Rewrite the ending out loud: finish "Isn't life —" in your own words. Then say whether your version makes the story better or smaller.

Speak

This is the heart of the lesson — do all of it out loud. The timer is there to keep you going: fill the time with detail rather than racing through it.

Useful language: lean on today's grammar — they had to decide fast; she must have felt…; they should have stopped the band; she shouldn't have gone in that hat; they needn't have sent anything. For opinions: "What gets me is…", "To be fair to her…", "You could argue that…", "I'd have…".
Time remaining: 4:00
Task A · Tell the whole story (4 minutes)

Tell the story of The Garden Party in your own words, as if to a friend who has never heard it. Move through the arc: the perfect morning and the marquee → the news from the lane → the argument with Jose and Mother → the black hat and the mirror → the party's triumph → the basket → the cottage, the room, "Forgive my hat" → Laurie at the corner.

Use at least three obligation forms (had to, must, should have, shouldn't have) and at least five key words (marquee, lavish, lane, widow, fuss, stammer, absurd, callous, tactless, call off).

Task B · Should they have called it off? (4 minutes)

Take a side and argue it properly. Should the Sheridans have cancelled the party — or is Jose right that cancelling would have helped nobody? Build your case with at least three reasons, answer the strongest objection to your own position, and finish with what you think they should have done instead, if anything.

Then swap: argue the opposite side for one minute. It's harder — and it's where the good language comes out.

Task C · The right thing, and the awkward thing (4 minutes)

Laura knew what she thought was right and let herself be talked out of it. Talk about a moment when knowing the right thing and doing it were two different problems.

Stuck for an idea? Pick one of these and run with it:

  • A time you disagreed with everyone around you. Did you say it out loud, or let it go?
  • A decision you'd take differently now — describe it using should have and shouldn't have.
  • The most awkward situation you've ever had to walk into. How did you get through it?
  • What should someone your age be allowed to decide alone — and what should families still decide together?
  • Is it possible to be genuinely kind to someone whose life you don't understand at all? What would real help look like for the woman in the lane?
  • Describe a party — real, invented or famous — that you would have loved to be at, and one you would have wanted to escape.

To finish — the bigger questions

  1. Laura is about fifteen. What exactly does she understand at the end of this day that she didn't understand at breakfast — and can you name it better than she can?
  2. The story is famous for its hat. If you had to choose one object from your own life to carry the same weight — something beautiful that got in the way of something serious — what would it be, and why?
  3. A hundred years on, the lane still exists in every city. What has changed since 1922 in how comfortable people respond to a disaster next door — and what clearly hasn't?
  4. Before you go — from memory: make one sentence with had to, one with should have and one with needn't have about this story — and explain the difference between mustn't and don't have to.