SHORT STORIES, LONG SHADOWS · A2/B1 · 50 min

The Monkey's Paw

W. W. Jacobs's story of a strange little charm, three wishes, and a family who get exactly what they ask for.

Today: a famous scary story about three wishes — and how to say what you think happened, when you are not completely sure: it must have been…, it might have been…, it can't have been…
Before we start. Talk about these.
Discuss:
  • You have three wishes. What do you ask for? Now say what could go wrong with each one.
  • Do you know someone with a lucky number, or a lucky shirt? What do they do?
  • Something very strange happens to you. Do you look for a reason, or do you say "that's just luck"?

The words you'll need

Ten words. Say your answer out loud before you press Reveal.

A · What does it mean here?

1. The old soldier took a small dry object from his pocket. He believed it had magic power. It was a charm.
a charm (n) — a small object that people believe brings luck or magic. We also say a lucky charm. Adjective: charmed.
2. When the soldier told them about the last owner, Mrs White went white and pulled her shawl around her. Her body shook once, hard. She gave a shudder.
a shudder (n) / to shudder (v) — to shake suddenly because you are afraid or cold. She shuddered. Similar: to shiver (cold), to tremble (fear).
3. The company said the accident was not their fault. But they wanted to give the family some money to help them. They called the money compensation.
compensation (n) — money you give someone because they have lost something or been hurt. to pay compensation, to claim compensation.

B · Which word means…?

Three words: frightening · warning · superstition. Say the right one, then reveal.

1. Which noun means a belief that some objects or actions bring good or bad luck?
superstition (n). The adjective is superstitious: "He's very superstitious." Examples: the number 13, walking under a ladder.
2. Which noun means words that tell you something bad may happen?
a warning (n) — verb to warn someone about something, or to warn someone not to do something. "He warned them twice."
3. Which adjective means making you feel afraid?
frightening (adj) — the thing does it. Careful with the pair: the story is frightening; the family are frightened. Same rule as boring / bored.

C · Choose the meaning — a / b / c

1. The wind was strong and a door banged upstairs. Nobody spoke. Later they said it was a bad sign. Here, a sign is…
  (a) something that tells you what will happen   (b) a piece of paper on a wall   (c) a name
(a) — a sign that something will happen. a good sign, a bad sign. (A stronger, more literary word for this is an omen.)
2. She ran to the door and pulled at it with both hands, shouting, again and again. She was desperate. Desperate means…
  (a) very calm   (b) so worried that you will do anything   (c) very tired
(b) — desperate (adj), adverb desperately. "She was desperate to open the door."

D · Word building & word partners

1. The soldier said the charm showed that people cannot escape what will happen to them. Complete the noun: f___. Then find the verb in this sentence: "Don't ___ fate."
fate (n) — what will happen to you, which you cannot change. The expression is to tempt fate = to do something risky and invite bad luck. "Don't tempt fate."
2. Two verbs from the end of the story. One means to take something quickly and roughly. One means to lock a door with a metal bar. Give both.
to snatch — "He snatched it out of the fire." And to bolt a door (the bar is a bolt). You pull back the bolt to open the door.

Now use them — out loud

Before we read:
  • Use charm, warning, superstition and fate. What do you think happens in a story about a family with three wishes?
  • Which of these words would you use in a scary film? Which would you use in the news? Say why.

The story, in three parts

Read each part. Then answer the questions from memory, and discuss.

Part 1 — The visitor

It was a cold, wet night. Inside the small house, the fire was warm. Mr White was playing chess with his son Herbert. Mrs White was sitting by the fire.

A visitor came: Sergeant-Major Morris, an old friend. He had been in India for twenty-one years. He told them stories. Then Mr White asked him about a monkey's paw.

Morris took a small dry paw out of his pocket. Mrs White moved back and shuddered. Herbert laughed and held it.

An old holy man put a spell on it, Morris said. He wanted to show that people cannot change their fate. Three men can each have three wishes. Morris had already used his three. The first owner used his last wish to ask to die.

Mr White asked, "If it is so terrible, why do you keep it?" Morris threw the paw into the fire. Mr White quickly snatched it out. "Better let it burn," Morris said. But Mr White kept it — and Morris warned him twice to throw it away.

Quick check — from memory, then reveal:

1. Why did the holy man put a spell on the paw?

2. What happened to the first owner?

1. To show that people cannot change their fate, and that people who try will be sorry.

2. He used his third and last wish to ask to die. Then Morris got the paw.

Discuss:
  • Morris throws the paw in the fire. Mr White takes it out. Why do people do this? Do you know an example?

Part 2 — Two hundred pounds

After Morris left, the family laughed about the paw. Herbert said, "Wish for two hundred pounds. Then the house is ours."

Mr White felt a little silly, but he held up the paw and wished for two hundred pounds. Then he shouted and dropped it. "It moved!" he said. "It turned in my hand, like a snake."

Herbert looked at the floor. "I can't see any money," he said. They laughed and went to bed.

The next morning, everything looked normal. Herbert went to work.

That afternoon, a well-dressed man stood outside the house. He did not want to come in. At last he came to the door. He worked at Maw and Meggins, where Herbert worked.

There had been an accident with the machines, he said. He spoke slowly and carefully. Mrs White understood. She asked if her son was in any pain. The man said no.

Then he said the company was not responsible — but they wanted to give the family some money. Mr White asked how much. "Two hundred pounds," the man said.

Quick check — from memory, then reveal:

1. Why did they choose two hundred pounds?

2. What happened when Mr White made the wish?

1. It was exactly the money they needed to finish paying for their house. It was Herbert's idea, half as a joke.

2. The paw moved — it turned in his hand like a snake — and he shouted and dropped it. No money appeared that night.

Discuss:
  • They get the money — and they lose their son. Was it the paw? Or was it terrible luck? What is your evidence?

Part 3 — The knocking

Two weeks passed. The house was very quiet and very sad.

One night, Mrs White sat up in bed. "The paw!" she said. "We have two wishes left. Wish him alive again!"

Her husband said no. He was afraid. He had seen his son after the accident, and he did not want to say what he was thinking. But his wife was desperate. So he went downstairs in the dark, found the paw, and wished.

Nothing happened. The candle went out. He went back upstairs and they waited in the cold and the dark.

Then he heard it. A quiet knock at the front door. Then another. Then a loud one, again and again, filling the house.

"It's Herbert!" his wife cried. She ran downstairs to open the door. But the bolt was high and she could not reach it. She called for a chair.

The knocking did not stop. And her husband was on the floor in the dark, feeling for the monkey's paw with his hands. He had one wish left.

He found it. He made his third wish. The knocking stopped at once. He heard the door open, and a cold wind came in. His wife gave a long, sad cry. He ran down to her. Outside, the street was quiet and empty.

Quick check — from memory, then reveal:

1. Why didn't Mr White want to make the second wish?

2. What do you think his third wish was?

1. He was afraid of what would come back. His son had died ten days before, in a machine.

2. Almost certainly: that the thing at the door should go away. The writer never tells us — and that is why the story is frightening.

Discuss:
  • The mother wants to open the door. The father wants to close it. Who do you understand more?

must have, might have, can't have

We use these to say what we think happened in the past, when we are not completely sure. The story is one big question — was it the paw, or was it bad luck? — so this is exactly the language you need.

Three levels. All of them use have + past participle.

• I'm almost sure it happened → must have
"The paw must have moved. He shouted and dropped it."

• Maybe → might have (or may have, could have)
"Morris might have used his wishes for money."

• I'm almost sure it did NOT happen → can't have
"The company can't have known about the wish."
Two things to remember.
• The opposite of must have is can't have — not mustn't have.
• The verb after have is the past participle: must have gone, not must have went.

When people speak fast, must have sounds like "must've". It sounds like "of" — but never write "must of".

1. How sure are you?

Your friend's phone is missing. Complete with must have, might have or can't have + the verb.

1. Her bag was open all morning. → "It out." (fall — I'm sure)

2. She was in three different rooms. → "She it in the library." (leave — maybe)

3. The pool was closed all day and she never went there. → "She it at the pool." (lose — impossible)

4. Her screen was already broken on Monday. → "Someone it last week." (drop — I'm sure)

1. must have fallen   2. might have left   3. can't have lost   4. must have dropped

Look at number 3 again. Not "mustn't have lost" — English uses can't have.

2. What happened?

Read the evidence. Complete the sentence.

1. The kitchen light is on and the door is open. → "Someone home." (come — I'm sure)

2. There are two cups on the table. → "She a friend." (bring — maybe)

3. He had no phone signal for nine hours. → "He your message." (see — impossible)

4. The ground is completely dry this morning. → "It in the night." (rain — impossible)

1. must have come   2. might have brought   3. can't have seen   4. can't have rained

3. The argument — complete the dialogue

Two friends disagree about the story. Complete it, then read it aloud in pairs.

A: "The paw did it! He wished for money, and the next day his son died. That an accident." (be — impossible)

B: "It an accident. Those machines were very dangerous in 1902." (be — maybe)

A: "But two hundred pounds — exactly! They that number by luck." (choose — impossible)

B: "Herbert the number. It was near his pay for a year. And the father was tired — he asleep by the fire." (know — maybe; be — I'm sure)

can't have been · might have been · can't have chosen · might have known · must have been

Nobody wins this argument — and that is what the writer wanted.

Take these into the Speak tab.

Going deeper

Why this story still works. Stories about three wishes are very old, and most of them are funny. This one is not.

Look at what the family ask for. Not a palace. Not a million pounds. Two hundred pounds, to finish paying for the small house they already live in. That is a very small, very ordinary wish. And that is what makes the story frightening: if the paw punishes that, then nobody is safe.

The second clever thing: the writer shows us almost nothing. We never see the accident. We never see Herbert. We never see what is at the door. The most famous moment is a man on the floor in the dark, looking for something with his hands, while someone knocks. Your imagination does all the work — and your imagination is always worse.

And there is a real question under it all. Was it magic — or was it just terrible luck? Every strange thing in the story has a normal explanation too. Machines killed people often in 1902. The paw "moving" could be a tired man's shaking hand. The family choose to believe in the paw, because when something awful happens, people want a reason.
Talk it through:
  • Say there is no magic in this story at all, and explain every event normally. Then say the opposite. Which was easier?
  • Mr White is warned twice and keeps the paw. Is he stupid, or is he normal? What would you have done?
  • We never learn what was at the door. Is that better or worse? Say what you think was there — and notice that you invented it yourself.
  • Their wish was small and sensible. Does that make the ending more frightening, or just unfair?

Speak

All of it out loud, with the timer.

Useful language: it must have been… · she might have… · that can't have been luck · maybe he… · I think… · the way I see it…
Time remaining: 4:00
Task A · Tell the story (4 minutes)

Tell the story to someone who does not know it, in three parts: the visitor and the warning → the wish and the money → the second wish and the knocking. Stop where the story stops. Do not explain the end.

Use at least five key words (charm, shudder, compensation, superstition, warning, frightening, sign, desperate, fate, snatch).

Task B · The argument (4 minutes)

Student A: the paw caused everything. Student B: it was all bad luck. Use must have, might have and can't have.

Then change sides and do it again in ninety seconds.

Task C · Three safe wishes (4 minutes)

Your partner has the paw. Give them three wishes that cannot go wrong. Then your partner tries to find a problem with each one. One minute to think, three to talk.

Don't want to use your own wishes? Use one of these:

  • A football team wishes to win every match this year.
  • A student wishes to know all the exam answers.
  • A city wishes for perfect weather every day.
  • A doctor wishes to live for two hundred years.
  • A singer wishes to be famous in every country.
  • A family wishes to always have enough money.

To finish

  1. Morris will not say what his three wishes were. What do you think they were?
  2. Is the mother right to want the second wish? Would you go downstairs and get the paw?
  3. Which is more frightening: a film that shows you the monster, or one that does not? Give an example.
  4. Before you go — from memory: three facts — the paw moved, the money came, the knocking stopped. Say one sentence about each, using must have, might have and can't have.