STORY 01
The Doctor Who Drank the Experiment
Barry Marshall · 1979–2005
Everyone knew ulcers came from stress. Two unknown doctors in Perth said everyone was wrong — and one of them proved it by drinking the bacteria.
The moment: a forgotten culture plate, and a flask
STORY 02
The Man Who Asked Doctors to Wash Their Hands
Ignaz Semmelweis · 1847–1865
He proved how to stop mothers dying in childbirth. The proof was free, simple and unbearable — because it said the doctors themselves were the carriers.
The moment: the asylum, and the reflex that carries his name
STORY 03
The Map That Stopped an Epidemic
John Snow · 1854
Cholera was killing Soho and everyone blamed the air. One doctor marked the deaths on a map — and the dots formed a circle around a water pump.
The moment: the widow who had the water delivered
STORY 04
The Mould in the Dirty Dish
Fleming, Florey & Chain · 1928–1945
The most famous accident in medicine — and the forgotten sixteen years of bedpans, mice and one dying policeman that turned it into the drug of the century.
The moment: "That's funny."
STORY 05
The Notebooks Too Dangerous to Touch
Marie Curie · 1867–1934
Two Nobel Prizes, a leaking shed, a stolen education — and laboratory notebooks that will stay radioactive for another thousand years.
The moment: she resumed his course at the exact sentence where he had stopped
STORY 06
The Man Who Invented the Identity Crisis
Erik Erikson · 1902–1994
A boy who never knew his father and never fitted in becomes a Harvard professor with no degree — and maps the whole of human life in eight stages.
The moment: he named himself “Erik, son of Erik”.
STORY 07
Photograph 51
Rosalind Franklin · 1951–1958
The most important photograph in biology was shown to a rival without its maker's knowledge — and the argument about what she was owed has never ended.
The moment: three papers, in a very deliberate order
STORY 08
The Scientist Nobody Would Fund
Katalin Karikó · 1985–2023
Demoted, rejected and told her molecule was a dead end, she kept working for forty years — until her idea helped save the world in eleven months.
The moment: the money crossed the border inside a teddy bear
STORY 09
The Last Case on Earth
The smallpox eradication · 1796–1980
It killed half a billion people in its final century. Then humanity hunted it to extinction — ending with one hospital cook in Somalia.
The moment: the disease that no longer exists, anywhere
STORY 10
The Successful Failure
Apollo 13 · 1970
Three men, 330,000 kilometres from home, in a dying spacecraft — and four days of the finest problem-solving human beings have ever done.
The moment: a filter built from a sock, a manual cover and grey tape
STORY 11
The Cure in the Ancient Book
Tu Youyou · 1969–2015
Malaria was beating modern medicine — until a Chinese scientist found the answer in a 1,600-year-old text, and tested it on herself first.
The moment: one sentence about cold water, written in 340 CE
STORY 12
The Doctor Who Let the Children Choose
Maria Montessori · 1870–1952
Italy's first woman of medicine watches asylum children beat the state exams, opens one room in a Roman slum — and rebuilds what school means, until a dictator demands her children salute.
The moment: she closed the schools herself rather than teach the salute.
STORY 13
The Man Who Made the Stones Speak
Champollion & the Rosetta Stone · C1
Fourteen centuries after Egypt's writing fell silent, soldiers pull a broken stone from a fort wall — and an obsessive from Figeac out-deduces the man who knew everything.
The moment: "Je tiens l'affaire!" — and five days in bed.
STORY 14
The Poker Player Who Taught Us to Think in Bets
Annie Duke · Thinking in Bets
A psychologist turned poker champion looks at “the worst call in Super Bowl history” — and shows why a good decision and a good result are not the same thing.
The moment: 26 seconds left, one yard to go — and the coach calls a pass.
STORY 15
The Mistake Nobody Could See
Kahneman, Sibony & Sunstein · Noise
Experienced underwriters price the same case and differ by more than half — and a Nobel Prize-winning psychologist names the hidden flaw that no one had ever measured.
The moment: the managers guessed 10%. The test said 55%.
STORY 16
The Cube That Wasn't a Toy
Ernő Rubik · Budapest, 1974
A professor builds a wooden model to teach his students to think in three dimensions — then twists it, and cannot put it back. It becomes the best-selling puzzle in history.
The moment: he scrambled his own invention and had no idea how to solve it.
STORY 17
The Test That Cleared an Innocent Man
Alec Jeffreys · Leicester, 1984–88
A geneticist studying how genes change spots a pattern on an X-ray film — and two years later it says the confessed suspect in a double murder is the wrong man.
The moment: the same killer, but not the young man in the cell.
STORY 18
The Surgeon Who Went Through His Own Arm
Werner Forssmann · Germany, 1929
Everyone knew the human heart was too dangerous to touch. A young trainee doctor decided to find out — using himself, a long thin tube and a flight of stairs.
The moment: he walked to the X-ray room with the tube still in his arm.