Business English through real cases · C1

Bet the Company

Real companies, real decisions, endings still being argued about — thirty-two cases, from Ørsted to the AI race, the China challenge and three big bets.

Every case here actually happened, and none of them closes cleanly: a utility that bet itself on wind just before the cost of money doubled; a phone giant that prototyped its own killer; a film company whose every annual decision was rational and whose sum was ruin; a toy maker rescued by subtraction; a video chain that fought back, briefly won, and was stopped by its own shareholders. Alongside them: four short cases about trusting AI at work, from a consultancy report with invented sources to a company that hired its people back; a fraud with no order behind it, a champion its own regulator defended, ten days of world shipping run on paper, a $47bn story meeting its own prospectus, the hardest case in modern aviation, a founder who invented a fifth exit, and a company repriced for merely succeeding. And five comebacks, told just as honestly: a recall that became a legend, a computer company ninety days from empty, bankrupt heroes who conquered cinema, a culture reset worth trillions, and a buyer that let itself be changed by what it bought. And two famous tools put to the test: four boxes drawn in Boston in 1970, and the company that runs their purest version; and the patent cliff that emptied Prozac’s tills in 2001, now arriving for AI every few months. And one case about competing with a whole economy: China, the world’s workshop, now inventing too. And the big bets: companies that staked billions on a future nobody can prove yet — Intel’s plan to make chips for everyone, OpenAI’s trillion-dollar wager that bigger AI will pay for itself, and Rivian’s attempt to become the next Tesla. These are the stories boards actually argue about — told properly, without the punchlines.

Each case is a 50-minute C1 lesson: the real vocabulary of the case, the story in three parts with the numbers kept honest, one executive grammar focus — hedging, deduction, causation, conditionals, concession — and timed speaking tasks in the four registers leaders actually use: the board, the market, the workforce and the press. The Going Deeper tab always argues at least two readings; the lesson never announces a moral. Every case has an easier version too — the same real story at A2/B1, with short sentences, ten key words, click-through comprehension checks and one clear grammar point, linked under each card below.

The first seventeen cases

CASE 01
The Company That Bet Everything
A state oil and gas utility inverts itself into the world's biggest offshore wind developer — then interest rates turn, and the textbook case becomes a live one.
The question: was the strategy wrong, or only the weather?
Hedging & diplomatic distanceOpen →
Also at A2 →
CASE 02
The Giant That Saw It Coming
Four phones in ten worldwide, the future already prototyped in its own labs — and gone from the market in six years. The failure was never foresight.
The question: what did they know, and when could they have known it?
Past deduction & missed alternativesOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 03
The Invention in the Drawer
Kodak built the first digital camera and shelved it — then stayed rational, one year at a time, all the way to Chapter 11. Fujifilm is the control experiment.
The question: who is allowed to say the dollars are already gone?
Cause & effect languageOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 04
Saved by Fewer Bricks
The best-loved toy company nearly dies of its own additions — parks, clothes, thirteen thousand bricks — and is rescued by subtraction.
The question: is your core a fortress, or just your oldest habit?
Mixed conditionalsOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 05
The Fifty Million Dollar No
The famous story is that they laughed. The record shows they fought back, briefly won — and were stopped by their own shareholders.
The question: who has to keep saying yes, and for how long?
Concession & contrastOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 06
The Cleverest Engineers in the Room
An impossible target, a culture where truth couldn't travel, and software built to deceive the test — a €30bn fraud that no order anyone can find ever commanded.
The question: what made an order unnecessary?
Passives & accountabilityOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 07
The Company That Wasn't There
Germany's fintech champion, worth more than Deutsche Bank, defended by its regulator against the journalists who were right — until two banks answered one letter.
The question: why did authority point one way and evidence the other?
Reporting verbsOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 08
Ten Days Without Computers
A fifth of world shipping loses its entire IT estate in hours to a weapon aimed at someone else — and recovers on paper, WhatsApp, and one server saved by a power cut.
The question: how much of your recovery plan is a Ghana you haven't found?
Narrative tenses for incidentsOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 09
The Vision Premium
Forty-seven billion dollars for renting desks — until the prospectus wrote the story down and the public market priced the current chapter instead of the next one.
The question: what is the description worth without the numbers?
Hype & downtoningOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 10
The Culture That Signed It Off
A schedule designed an aeroplane, a system nobody told the pilots about, and 346 lives — the hardest case in the series, taught with the sobriety it demands.
The question: when schedule and engineers disagree, who is required to win?
Obligation & responsibilityOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 11
The Exit Nobody Priced
A founder rejects every exit the market offers and gives the company to a trust and the climate — the purest act in modern business, or the cleverest, or both.
The question: what does the structure make impossible?
Purpose & intentionOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 12
The Village That Sold a Day Out
A discount outlet outside London turns the journey itself into the product — then discovers that destination retail is a system that must keep earning the visit.
The question: when footfall falls, which part of the visit system has actually failed?
Causation without overclaimingOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 13
The Problem of Too Much Demand
A century-old insulin maker builds the decade's defining drug, outgrows its own country — and is then repriced by success becoming ordinary. Entirely live, no villain.
The question: what would you build differently if you said the range instead of the number?
Forecasting & projectionOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 14
Three Letters on an Invoice
The world's seventh-largest carrier goes bankrupt overnight with ninety loaded ships at sea — and who pays for half a million stranded containers depends on Incoterms almost nobody had read.
The question: who bears what, between which two points?
The language of contractsOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 15
The Industry That Trained Its Replacement
Human translators spent thirty years building the world's translation archives — then the machines read them. The first profession AI truly came for, and what survived the wave.
The question: when the machine can produce your output, what exactly do you sell?
Comparison & degreeOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 16
A Therapist in Your Pocket
Online therapy really did fix access — then intake forms met ad trackers, prescribing met growth targets, and the most confidential conversation in medicine met the growth playbook.
The question: who sets the boundaries the therapist's walls once set?
Relative clauses at C1Open →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 17
Go-Live
Replacing the system that runs everything is the biggest bet a company makes on software: the Halloween with no chocolate, the project that killed a $5bn firm, and the one company that dared to stop.
The question: when the company's way and the system's way disagree, who decides which one bends?
Verb patterns that change meaningOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →

AI at work — four short cases about trusting the tools

CASE 18
The Report With Invented Sources
A 237-page government report came back with references nobody had written and a quote no judge had spoken. The firm repaid part of its fee. A short case about what a client hears first when AI gets something wrong.
The question: when the error is the software’s but the name on the cover is yours, what do you say in the first minute?
Owning a mistakeOpen →
CASE 19
The Chatbot That Made a Promise
An airline’s website chatbot told a grieving passenger he could claim a cheaper fare afterwards. He could not. The airline said the chatbot was not its problem. A tribunal disagreed.
The question: if software speaks to your customers in your name, whose words are they?
Reporting verbsOpen →
CASE 20
The Hiring Tool That Learned the Wrong Lesson
Amazon built a program to score job applicants. Trained on ten years of its own hiring, it learned to mark down CVs that mentioned women. The team was disbanded.
The question: if a tool is fast but nobody can explain its choices, should you recommend it?
Balancing an argumentOpen →
CASE 21
The Company That Hired the People Back
A payments company said its AI assistant did the work of seven hundred agents. A year later its chief executive said cost had come before quality, and began hiring people again.
The question: which tasks belong to the machine, which to a person, and who decides before the customer complains?
Describing change over timeOpen →

The comebacks — five cases that won

CASE 22
Seven Deaths and a Hundred Million Dollars
Someone poisoned capsules on shop shelves. The company was not to blame — and pulled every bottle in America anyway, against official advice. The textbook case of crisis management, and the later record that complicates it.
The question: was it a triumph of values, or the rare crisis where doing right was affordable?
Time clauses under pressureOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 23
Ninety Days from Empty
A billion-dollar loss, dozens of products nobody could tell apart — and a rescue that began with a cheque from the arch-rival and a grid of four boxes.
The question: is focus a permanent principle, or only a rule for emergencies?
Cleft sentences for focusOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 24
The Heroes in the Basement
A bankrupt comic publisher sells its famous heroes, borrows against the ones nobody wanted, builds the most successful film series ever made — and then makes too much of it.
The question: can a franchise that became a universe become special again?
Participle clausesOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 25
The Company That Changed Its Mind
Rich, feared and losing every new market — until a new chief executive started helping rivals' devices and called it culture. Four trillion dollars later, the AI bet and the job cuts test the story.
The question: did the culture change the company, or did the market?
NominalisationOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 26
The Studio That Bought Its Rescuer
Disney's own animation was failing and its best partner was walking away. It paid $7.4bn for Pixar — then handed Pixar's leaders its own studio.
The question: in the long run, who changed whom?
The future in the pastOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →

The frameworks — a famous business tool, tested on a real company

CASE 27
The Cow That Pays for the Moonshots
Four boxes — stars, cash cows, question marks, dogs — told a generation of companies where to put their money. Google’s search cow now pays for driverless cars and moonshots, just as the chart says. Then AI arrives to threaten the cow.
The question: milk the cow that pays for the future, or risk it to build the next one?
Formal recommendationsOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 28
The Race Nobody Can Leave
When Prozac lost its patent in 2001, cheap copies took its sales within weeks. AI companies face the same cliff every few months — so they keep racing forward, even when the people leading them say the frontier is where the danger lies.
The question: if nobody can afford to stop first, can anyone leave the race — and who could change its rules?
Conditional inversionOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →

The bigger picture — when the competitor is a whole economy

CASE 29
The Workshop That Learned to Invent
Nearly three in ten of the world’s manufactured goods, a record trillion-dollar surplus, nine in ten of the refined rare earths — and a cheap AI model that wiped $589bn off a chipmaker in a day. Not leaving, but adding: the age of de-risking.
The question: how much resilience is worth paying for — and who pays?
Proportion & scaleOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →

The big bets — billions on a future nobody can prove yet

CASE 30
The Bet on Being Everyone’s Factory
A chip giant promises to make chips for its rivals too: $20bn for Arizona, then Ohio, Germany and Poland. Then $13bn of foundry losses in a year, a CEO gone, two European fabs cancelled — and the US government as a 10% shareholder.
The question: brave long-term bet, or a sunk-cost trap?
Predicting & speculatingOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 31
The Trillion-Dollar Maybe
A non-profit lab with a mission about AGI becomes ChatGPT, fires and rehires its CEO in four days, and signs up for $1.4 trillion of computing. $13bn of revenue, a $21bn operating loss, an $852bn valuation — and forecasts of cash burn to 2030.
The question: a rational bet on scale, or a financing spiral?
Future perfect & continuousOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →
CASE 32
Priced Like the Next Tesla
156 trucks delivered, nearly all to its own staff — and within two days of its IPO, worth more than Ford or GM. Then $27bn of losses, a paused Georgia factory, Volkswagen to the rescue and, in 2026, the cheaper R2 at last.
The question: genius timing, or madness — and how fair is hindsight?
Past modals & hindsightOpen →
Also at A2/B1 →

Cases at A2/B1 — business stories written for lower levels

A2/B1
The Promise on the Bag
A family made a pet food with one big promise on the label. Then a competitor took them to court. What happens to a company when one promise is wrong?
no, not any, withoutOpen →
A2/B1
Sixty Million Cans
One company made pet food for about a hundred brands, and most owners never heard its name. Then a bad ingredient arrived from a supplier. Who is responsible?
first, then, after that, finallyOpen →
A2/B1
The Flat Box
A furniture company asked its customers to carry the furniture home in pieces and build it themselves. Why did millions of people say yes?
has / have been + -ingOpen →
A2/B1
Beds, Cereal and Strangers
Two friends could not pay their rent, so they put three air beds on the floor. Now Airbnb is one of the biggest travel companies in the world — and cities like Barcelona want to stop it.
superlativesOpen →
A2/B1
Two Weeks from Idea to Shop
Most fashion brands need months to bring a new coat to the shops. Zara needs about two weeks. Can fast fashion ever be good for the planet?
for, since, agoOpen →
A2/B1
The Glue That Didn’t Work
A scientist made a very weak glue by mistake. It took more than ten years to find out it was a brilliant idea. Should a company pay people to try ideas that may never work?
in, on, at (time)Open →

More famous tools, each told as the true story of the person who drew it — at B2 — in Think Inside the Box →

How each lesson works

1 · Key Words

The real vocabulary of the case — the terms the board papers used.

2 · The Story

The case in three parts, numbers rounded and honest, ending on the live question.

3 · Grammar

One executive structure, built up to a realistic spoken artefact.

4 · Going Deeper

What the case actually tests — argued from at least two sides.

5 · Speaking

Brief the board, survive the hostile question, work the four rooms.